By Pushpam Kumar, Chief, Ecosystem Services Economics Unit, UNEP
Nairobi, 29 July 2016: With the endorsement of a resolution on Sustainable
Management of Natural Capital for Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction during
the recently held United Nations Environment Assembly in Nairobi, Kenya, a new
era of correcting the compass to measure sustainable human well-being has
begun.
Conventional income
(the market value of output during a fixed period in a given region) has been
treated as a proxy for human well-being for too long. The limitations of the
system of national accounts – where pollution abatement activities show up as
income and biodiversity loss goes unnoticed – are becoming better understood.
From an environmental
sustainability perspective, traditional income measurement is defective because
it only partially treats natural capital stock in its coverage. While wealth
(and natural capital) is a stock, income is a flow (a return on wealth).
Understanding this difference is critical. Conventional GDP is adept at
measuring flow, but it can only partially measure wealth.
GDP can capture net
financial assets, physical assets, partial human capital (e.g. intellectual
property) and up to a point the commercial component of natural capital (fish,
timber). It has great difficulty in capturing and measuring the physical
aspects of natural capital like ecosystem services, let alone their economic
value. Most existing valuation in accounting processes relies heavily on exchange/transaction
values, where there is no measure in place to capture what economists and
ecologists call ”environmental externalities” (the depletion and degradation of
natural capital).
It is not surprising
that conventional wisdom – that resource allocation based on robust income
estimates brings about a balance in the economy, including in the production,
distribution and consumption of resources – has failed terribly. Today, we, the
global population, are each emitting about five tons of carbon per annum into
the atmosphere; a quarter of global land has been degraded since the beginning
of the 21st century; and biodiversity is declining at an alarming rate.
Tropical forests are continuing to be cleared for crops, and overfishing
continues to damage marine ecosystems causing a collapse in fish stocks.
Economists have been
warning about these types of anomalies for a long time. More recent thinking –
such as in Beyond GDP, Potsdam 2007, the G8+5 Initiative, The Economics of
Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB), Wealth Accounting and Valuation of
Ecosystem Services (WAVES), and the Stieglitz/ Sen/ Fitoussi report, along with
the Inclusive Green Economy Initiative – highlights the need to look for better
measurements of changes in human prosperity.
The error of equating
income with well-being can be rectified if the accounting profession pays
attention to wealth (stock) measurement in an inclusive/comprehensive manner.
Here it may be remembered that while writing An Enquiry into the Nature
and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith was
referring to wealth, not income. Even today, multilateral
institutions consider the wealth of a nation, not its income, before extending
any financial help, and don’t accept poor quality balance sheets.
UNEP, with others, has
been working on this. The Inclusive Wealth (IWR) Report 2014 emphasizes
the need to measure man-made, human and natural capital. The methodology and
data can easily be extended to social and cultural capital. The report analyses
140 countries over the past 20 years. (The forthcoming 2016 report aims to do
this for over 170 countries). Using this tool, countries are able to envision
how their holistic wealth components have evolved over time. Country capacities
can continue to be built as new breakthroughs in calculating and reporting on
the Independent Wealth Index (IWI) are developed.
IWR 2014 suggests that
produced capital, as measured by GDP, represents only about 18 percent of the
total wealth of nations.
While there have been
increases in GDP and the Human Development Index, natural capital actually
declined in 127 out of 140 countries between 1990 and 2010, according to IWR.
Worldwide, while GDP rose by 50 percent from 1992 to 2010, IWI rose by only 6
percent. This is because in the wider ambit of sustainable development GDP
fails to account for sources of wealth such as nature and human progress, which
are covered by IWI.
Assessing and valuing
natural capital and the change in per capita inclusive/comprehensive wealth
over time has the potential to keep track of progress on most Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs).
IWI is a
multi-purpose, multi-target measure of sustainable development. An increase in
IWI will indicate poverty eradication (SDG, 1) and food security, while
promoting sustainable agriculture (SDG 2) and healthy lives and well-being (SDG
3). An increase in IWI will also show sustained and inclusive economic growth
(SDG 8), and sustainable consumption and production patterns (SDG 12). A
decrease in IWI will indicate degradation of natural capital and failure to
take steps to combat climate change and its impacts (SGD 13), conserve and
sustainably using the oceans, seas, and marine resources (SDG 14), protect,
restore, and promote the sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably
manage forests, combat desertification, reverse land degradation and halt
biodiversity loss (SDG 15). IWI can measure the strength of the means of
implementation for sustainable development (SDG 17).
Countries cognisant of
their stock of natural capital through IWI can invest in the protection and
restoration of natural capital. IWI is a macroeconomic tool that enables
policymakers to understand the trade-offs of different scenarios and policies.
For example, Brazil, which has 56 per cent of its land under forest cover,
experienced a decline in its forest wealth from 1990 to 2000. However, it was
able to reverse this trend between 2000 and 2010 due to its conservation
policies, the strict enforcement of forest laws, and by discouraging
agricultural expansion in forest lands. (IWR, Ch. 6, p153).
IWI complements GDP as
a multi-purpose indicator. It is capable of tracking stocks of wealth in human,
natural and produced capital. IWI lends itself to monitoring and reviewing
progress towards the SDGs.
IWI has a specific
role to play in complementing SDG Target 8.1 which is currently measured by GDP
growth with a target of 7 per cent per year (a measure of growth in the level
of transactions). IWI complements this by emphasizing the growth of wealth –
something that is much better aligned with the SDGs. A reasonable target for
IWI would be to grow stocks of wealth at a global average of 3-5 per cent per
year, though actual targets in some countries could be more ambitious.
For more information,
please contact: Pushpam Kumar: Pushpam.Kumar@unep.org
- See
more at:
http://www.unep.org/stories/Ecosystems/Natural-Capital-Wealth.asp#sthash.9SyloV6s.dpuf
When an analysis of environment related public expenditure is presented in relation to the economic costs of environmental degradation, government tends to sit up and take notice and invest more in sustainability.
ReplyDeletegross domestic product and household income measures provide invaluable metrics of economic activity in an economy, but they tell us little about the Sustainability of the economic trends. National wealth accounting can be utilised to determine the size of the underlying productive Base which provides insight into the sustainability of economic activities and indicate the potential for intergenerational well being
Ishola busayo abigeal
F/HD/14/3720019
Environmental sustainability perspective traditional income measurement is defective because it only partially treats natural capital stock in its coverage. While wealth (and natural capital ) is stock, incom is a flow (a return on wealth ) GDP can capture net financial assets, physical assets, partial human capital (intellectual property )and up to a point the commercial component of natural capital ( fish, timber ). It has great difficulty in capturing and measuring the physical aspects of natural capital like Eco-system services, let alone their economic value.
ReplyDeleteF/HD/14/3720021
Human activity over the years has had a significant impact on ecosystems, resulting in substantial and largely irreversible loss of biodiversity. These changes have contributed to net gains in human well-being and economic development, but have also had a detrimental impact on many ecosystem services and have exacerbated poverty for some groups of people. Reversing the degradation of ecosystem service can be partially achieved but requires substantial changes in policy, institutions and practices that are not currently underway. Abdullahi kafilah f /HD /14 /3720100.
ReplyDeletewe know how important natural capital is to our country, yet we invest little in its measurement. This is both hard to explain and at odds with what is routinely measured in the business world. Every CEO tracks the value of both corporate assets and income. Finance ministers, in contrast, focus almost exclusively on national income (GDP) and have done so for decades. While this single-minded focus on GDP growth might have been justified in the 1940s when the world was at war and memories of the Great Depression were fresh, it no longer reflects today’s realities. In fact, the slowing of growth in many countries in recent years may actually be the result of inadequate attention to national wealth. Wealth has traditionally been understood to be the value of a nation’s produced and financial assets, but is today defined much more broadly. Inclusive wealth, an emerging integrative concept, identifies it as the sum of produced and financial assets along with the value of natural, human and social capital. The notion behind this is that every nation has a portfolio of f ive asset classes at its disposal, and governments play a key role in ensuring that the value of this portfolio is growing over time. If it is, development is likely sustainable. If not, it certainly isn’t. What if nations focused on a more balanced approach to development with one in which management of their inclusive wealth portfolios is seen as equal in importance to hitting targets for income growth? How might decision making be different? First, there would be a shift from the current fixation on short-term results to a greater interest in the future. Second, governments would be reminded of the connection between income and assets and the need to invest in the latter to generate the former. Finally, decision-makers would, at long last, have a single framework that offered the promise of integrated decision making across the three pillars of development: the economy, the environment and society. Given the all-too-evident failures of current decision making, which tends to see these three pillars in competition, an integrative framework would seem very much in need.
ReplyDeleteOgbuehi Patience nkechi f/hd/14/3720089
Conventional income (the market value of output during a fixed period in a given region) has been treated as a proxy for human well being for too long. The limitations of the system of natural account -where pollution abatement activities show up as income and biodiversity loss goes unnoticed are becoming better understood.
ReplyDeleteFrom an environmental sustainability perspective, traditional income measurements is defective because it only partially treats natural capital stock in its coverage. While wealth (and natural capital) is a stock, income is a flow, understand the critical different.
Independent wealth index (IWI) is a multi -purposes -multi -target measure of sustainable development. Ab increase in IWI will indicate poverty eradication. F/HD/14/3720007
Over the century human activity over the years has had a significant impact on ecosystems, resulting in substantial and largely irreversible loss of biodiversity. These changes have contributed to net gains in human well-being and economic development, but have also had a detrimental impact on many ecosystem services and have exacerbated poverty for some groups of people. Reversing the degradation of ecosystem service can be partially achieved but requires substantial changes in policy, institutions and practices that are not currently underway. We know how important natural capital is to our country, yet we invest little in its measurement. This is both hard to explain and at odds with what is routinely measured in the business world. Every CEO tracks the value of both corporate assets and income. Finance ministers, in contrast, focus almost exclusively on national income (GDP) and have done so for decades. While this single-minded focus on GDP growth might have been justified in the 1940s when the world was at war and memories of the Great Depression were fresh, it no longer reflects today’s realities. In fact, the slowing of growth in many countries in recent years may actually be the result of inadequate attention to national wealth. Wealth has traditionally been understood to be the value of a nation’s produced and financial assets, but is today defined much more broadly. Inclusive wealth, an emerging integrative concept, identifies it as the sum of produced and financial assets along with the value of natural, human and social capital. The notion behind this is that every nation has a portfolio of five asset classes at its disposal, and governments play a key role in ensuring that the value of this portfolio is growing over time. If it is, development is likely sustainable. If not, it certainly isn’t. What if nations focused on a more balanced approach to development with one in which management of their inclusive wealth portfolios is seen as equal in importance to hitting targets for income growth? How might decision making be different? First, there would be a shift from the current fixation on short-term results to a greater interest in the future. Second, governments would be reminded of the connection between income and assets and the need to invest in the latter to generate the former. Finally, decision-makers would, at long last, have a single framework that offered the promise of integrated decision making across the three pillars of development: the economy, the environment and society. Given the all-too-evident failures of current decision making, which tends to see these three pillars in competition, an integrative framework would seem very much in need.
ReplyDeleteA standard operating procedure, or SOP, is a set of step-by-step instructions compiled by an organization to help workers carry out routine operations. SOPs aim to achieve efficiency, quality output and uniformity of performance, while reducing miscommunication and failure to comply with industry regulations.
ReplyDeleteSome of the chemical indicators commonly used to describe and assess water quality, including:
1. Temperature and dissolved oxygen.
2. Conventional variables (pH, total dissolved solids, conductivity, and suspended sediment)
3. Nutrients.
4. Metals.
5. Hydrocarbons.
6. Industrial Chemicals (PCBs and dioxins furans)
Water Cycle is the cycle of processes by which water circulates between the earth's oceans, atmosphere, and land, involving precipitation as rain and snow, drainage in streams and rivers, and return to the atmosphere by evaporation and transpiration..
Portable water or improved drinking water, is water that is safe to drink or to use for food preparation, without risk of health problems. Globally, in 2012, 89% of people had access to water suitable for drinking.
This comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteThe World Health Organisation (WHO) Guideline for Drinking-water Quality (GDWQ) include the following recommended limits on naturally occurring constituents that may have direct adverse health impact:
ReplyDeleteArsenic 10μg/l
Barium 10μg/l
Boron 2400μg/l
Chromium 50μg/l
Fluoride 1500μg/l
Selenium 40μg/l
Uranium 30μg/l
Organic species:
Benzene 10μg/l
Carbon tetrachloride 4μg/l
1,2-Dichlorobenzene 1000μg/l
1,4-Dichlorobenzene 300μg/l
1,2-Dichloroethane 30μg/l
1,2-Dichloroethene 50μg/l
Dichloromethane 20μg/l
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 8 μg/l
1,4-Dioxane 50μg/l
Edetic acid 600μg/l
Ethylbenzene 300 μg/l
Hexachlorobutadiene 0.6 μg/l
Nitrilotriacetic acid 200μg/l
Pentachlorophenol 9μg/l
Styrene 20μg/l
Tetrachloroethene 40μg/l
Toluene 700μg/l
Trichloroethene 20μg/l
Xylenes 500μg/l
F/HD/15/3720027
1.A standard operating procedure, or SOP, is a set of step-by-step instructions compiled by an organization to help workers carry out routine operations. SOPs aim to achieve efficiency, quality output and uniformity of performance, while reducing miscommunication and failure to comply with industry regulations.
ReplyDelete2. Some of the chemical indicators commonly used to describe and assess water quality, including:
1. Temperature and dissolved oxygen.
2. Conventional variables (pH, total dissolved solids, conductivity, and suspended sediment)
3. Nutrients.
4. Metals.
5. Hydrocarbons.
6. Industrial Chemicals (PCBs and dioxins furans)
3. Water Cycle is the cycle of processes by which water circulates between the earth's oceans, atmosphere, and land, involving precipitation as rain and snow, drainage in streams and rivers, and return to the atmosphere by evaporation and transpiration..
4. Portable water or improved drinking water, is water that is safe to drink or to use for food preparation, without risk of health problems. Globally, in 2012, 89% of people had access to water suitable for drinking.The World Health Organisation 5. (WHO) Guideline for Drinking-water Quality (GDWQ) include the following recommended limits on naturally occurring constituents that may have direct adverse health impact:
Arsenic 10μg/l
Barium 10μg/l
Boron 2400μg/l
Chromium 50μg/l
Fluoride 1500μg/l
Selenium 40μg/l
Uranium 30μg/l
Organic species:
Benzene 10μg/l
Carbon tetrachloride 4μg/l
1,2-Dichlorobenzene 1000μg/l
1,4-Dichlorobenzene 300μg/l
1,2-Dichloroethane 30μg/l
1,2-Dichloroethene 50μg/l
Dichloromethane 20μg/l
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 8 μg/l
1,4-Dioxane 50μg/l
Edetic acid 600μg/l
Ethylbenzene 300 μg/l
Hexachlorobutadiene 0.6 μg/l
Nitrilotriacetic acid 200μg/l
Pentachlorophenol 9μg/l
Styrene 20μg/l
Tetrachloroethene 40μg/l
Toluene 700μg/l
Trichloroethene 20μg/l
Xylenes 500μg/l. F/HD/15/3720017
Water is the basis of life. The water cycle has three(3) phases.Evaporation,condennsation and precipitation.Evaporation is the process which the water moves from a liquid form to a gaseous form .water evaporates back to the sky. Water can evaporate through respiration,from plants through transpiration (the root draws the underground water and goes through the stem and into the leaves afterwhich it releases it through evapotranspiration. Condensation is when the water vapour in the air changes to water and Precipitation is when the water falls back to the earth has rain or snow.this process is called the Water cycle. Water covers 70% of the earth surface,97.5% is salt water while 2.5% is fresh water in which mankind depends on,and these 21.5%fresh water is also polluted by man,some from agricultural waste,industrial waste which when released contaminants the ground water and shock the rivers. Every 8sec.somewhere in the world a child dies of water related diseases,by the year 2020 nations will suffer water shortage, 2030many cities that has existed for centuries will dry up.6billion people are in the earth by 2050 the figure will double so let's STOP POLLUTING rivers,STOP wasting water.lets make an awareness, inform ourselves.avoid using plastic bags and bottles,lets us recycle our garbage and let us all FIGHT against WATER PRIVATIZATION. F/HD/3720017.
ReplyDeleteOsoko Temitope
Delete1) Water quality indicators
Temperature and dissolved oxygen
* conventional variables ( PH, total dissolved solids, conductivity, suspended sediment)
* Nutrients * Metals * Hydrocarbons * Industrial chemicals (PCBs & dioxins/furan's
(2) WATer Cycle:
Water cycle also known as the hydrological cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the earth. The mass of water on earth remains fairly constant overtime but the partitioning of the water into the major reservoirs of ice, freshwater, saline water and atmospheric water is variable depending on the wide range of climatic variables. The water moves from the river or ocean to the atmosphere by a physical process of Evaporation, Condensation, Precipitation, Infiltration, Surface runoff and subsurface flow. Also doing these, it goes through different phases; Liquid Solid (ice) and Vapour.
The water cycle involves the exchange of energy which leads to temperature changes and influences climate.
(3) Portable Water : portable water is water which is fit for consumption by humans and other animals. It is usable for drinking and other sanitary purposes .
4) WHO standard for portable water
*Temperature-30°c
*Odour- odourless/ unobjectionable
*PH- 6.5 to 8.5
*Hardness- 500mg/l
*Total dissolved solids-1500mg/l
*Turbidity- 5 NUT
*Conductivity- 120YSKm3
*Chloride Ion- 250mg/l
*Alkalinity- 100mg/l
*Colour- 15TCU
*Appearance- clear
* Bacteriological- Nil
*Coliform- nil/100ml
*E.coli - nil/100ml
Ezelisiaku kosiso Adaoma
ReplyDeleteF/HD/15/3720065
1. what is standard operating procedure?
A written method of controlling a practice in accordance with predetermined specifications to obtain a desired outcome. SOPs are written steps to explain good manufacturing practices (GMP), plant safety routines, financial controls to secure assets, or IT security measures that employees are to follow. SOPs are step by step procedures on how to do something that is critical to quality, critical to safe operations.
2. list water quality indicators
Algal bloom
Anoxic event
Average Score Per Taxon
Bacteriological water analysis
Biochemical oxygen demand
Bioindicator
Biological monitoring working party
Carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand
Chemical oxygen demand
Coliform bacteria
Coliform index
Color of water
Colored dissolved organic matter
Conventional pollutant
Temperature
Heavy metal
Industrial chemical
Alkalinity
Dissolved oxygen
3. what is water cycle
The water cycle, also hydrological cycle or the H2 O cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth . The mass of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time but the partitioning of the water into the major reservoirs of ice, fresh water , saline water and atmospheric water is variable depending on a wide range of climatic variables . The water moves from one reservoir to another, such as from river to ocean , or from the ocean to the atmosphere, by the physical processes of evaporation , condensation , precipitation ,
infiltration , surface runoff, and subsurface flow. In doing so, the water goes through different phases: liquid, solid ( ice ) and vapor .
The water cycle involves the exchange of energy, which leads to temperature changes. For instance, when water evaporates, it takes up energy from its surroundings and cools the environment. When it condenses, it releases energy and warms the environment. These heat exchanges influence climate .
The evaporative phase of the cycle purifies water which then replenishes the land with freshwater. The flow of liquid water and ice transports minerals across the globe. It is also involved in reshaping the geological features of the Earth, through processes including erosion and sedimentation. The water cycle is also essential for the maintenance of most life and ecosystems on the planet.
4. What is potable water
Potable water is water which is fit for consumption by humans and other animals. It is also called drinking water, in a reference to its intended use. Water may be naturally potable, as is the case with pristine springs, or it may need to be treated in order to be safe. In either instance, the safety of water is assessed with tests which look for potentially harmful contaminants.
5 WHO standard for potable water
The following parametric standards are included in the Drinking Water Directive and are expected to be enforced by appropriate legislation in every country in the European Union. Simple parametric values are reproduced here, but in many cases the original directive also provides caveats and notes about many of the values given.
Acrylamide 0.10 μg/l
Antimony 5.0 μg/l
Arsenic 10 μg/l
Benzene 1.0 μg/l
Benzo(a)pyrene 0.010 μg/l
Boron 1.0 mg/l
Bromate 10 μg/l
Cadmium 5.0 μg/l
Chromium 50 μg/l
Copper 2.0 mg/l
Cyanide 50 μg/l
1,2-dichloroethane 3.0 μg/l
Epichlorohydrin 0.10 μg/l
Fluoride 1.5 mg/l
Lead 10 μg/l
Mercury 1.0 μg/l
Nickel 20 μg/l
Nitrate 50 mg
Mercury 1.0 μg/l
Nickel 20 μg/l
Nitrate 50 mg/l
Nitrite 0.50 mg/l
Pesticides 0.10 μg/l
Pesticides - Total 0.50 μg/l
Akinyemi Ayotunde Joseph
ReplyDeleteF/HD/15/3720074
MEANING OF STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE
A standard operating procedure, or SOP , is a set of step-by-step instructions compiled by an organization to help workers carry out routine operations. SOPs aim to achieve efficiency, quality output and uniformity of performance, while reducing miscommunication and failure to comply with industry regulations.
LIST OF WATER QUALITY INDICATORS
Assessing water quality generally involves comparing measured chemical concentrations with natural, background, or baseline concentrations and with guidelines established to protect human health or ecological communities. This section describes some of the chemical indicators commonly used to describe and assess water quality and they includes:
Temperature and dissolved oxygen
Conventional variables (pH, total dissolved solids, conductivity, and suspended sediment)
Nutrients
Metals
Hydrocarbons
Industrial Chemicals (PCBs and dioxins/furans)
WATER CYCLE
The water cycle, also known as the hydrological cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth. The mass of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time but the partitioning of the water into the major reservoirs of ice, fresh water, saline water and atmospheric water is variable depending on a wide range of climatic variables. The water moves from one reservoir to another, such as from river to ocean, or from the ocean to the atmosphere, by the physical processes of evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, surface runoff, and subsurface flow. In doing so, the water goes through different phases: liquid, solid (ice) and vapor.
POTABLE WATER
Drinking water also known as potable water or improved drinking water is water that is safe to drink or to use for food preparation, without risk of health problems. Globally, in 2012, 89% of people had access to water suitable for drinking. Nearly 4 billion had access to tap water while another 2.3 billion had access to wells or public taps. 1.8 billion people still use an unsafe drinking water source which may be contaminated by feces. This can result in infectious diarrhea such as cholera and typhoid among others.
Water is essential for life. The amount of drinking water required is variable. It depends on physical activity, age, health issues, and environmental conditions. It is estimated that the average American drinks about one litre of water a day with 95% drinking less than three litres per day. For those working in a hot climate, up to 16 liters a day may be required. Water makes up about 60% of weight in men and 55% of weight in women. Infants are about 70% to 80% water while the elderly are around 45%.
W.H.O STANDARDS ON POTABLE WATER
The World Health Organisation (WHO) Guideline for Drinking-water Quality (GDWQ) include the following recommended limits on naturally occurring constituents that may have direct adverse health impact:
Arsenic 10μg/l
Barium 10μg/l
Boron 2400μg/l
Chromium 50μg/l
Fluoride 1500μg/l
Selenium 40μg/l
Uranium 30μg/l
Organic species:
Benzene 10μg/l
Carbon tetrachloride 4μg/l
1,2-Dichlorobenzene 1000μg/l
1,4-Dichlorobenzene 300μg/l
1,2-Dichloroethane 30μg/l
1,2-Dichloroethene 50μg/l
Dichloromethane 20μg/l
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 8 μg/l
1,4-Dioxane 50μg/l
Edetic acid 600μg/l
Ethylbenzene 300 μg/l
Hexachlorobutadiene 0.6 μg/l
Nitrilotriacetic acid 200μg/l
Pentachlorophenol 9μg/l
Styrene 20μg/l
Tetrachloroethene 40μg/l
Toluene 700μg/l
Trichloroethene 20μg/l
Xylenes 500μg/l
ReplyDeleteDehinbo Oluwatosin Rita
F/HD/15/3720003
1. What is standard operating procedure.
Standard operating procedures (SOPs) are written instructions intended to document how to perform a routine activity. Many companies rely on standard operating procedures to help ensure consistency and quality in their products. Standard operating procedures are also useful tools to communicate important corporate policies, government regulations, and best practices.
2. List water quality indicator
Dissolved organic carbon
Fecal coliform
Indicator bacteria
Microcystin
Mixed liquor suspended solids
Nitrate
Ocean turbidity
Oligosaprobe
Oxygen saturation
Oxygen saturation (medicine)
Salinity
pH
3. Water cycle.
Water Cycle (also known as the hydrologic cycle) is the journey water takes as it circulates from the land to the sky and back again.
The Sun's heat provides energy to evaporate water from the Earth's surface (oceans, lakes, etc.). Plants also lose water to the air (this is called transpiration). The water vapor eventually condenses, forming tiny droplets in clouds. When the clouds meet cool air over land, precipitation (rain, sleet, or snow) is triggered, and water returns to the land (or sea). Some of the precipitation soaks into the ground. Some of the underground water is trapped between rock or clay layers; this is called groundwater. But most of the water flows downhill as runoff (above ground or underground), eventually returning to the seas as slightly salty water
4. Potable water.
Potable water has been filtered, cleaned, or treated to meet the standards for drinking water, meaning that it is reasonably clear of contaminants and harmful bacteria. This makes the water safe for drinking and cooking. Water purified via reverse osmosis, distilled, or UV filtered and water treated within municipal water systems all qualify as potable water.
5.WHO standard for potable water.
Acrylamide 0.10 μg/l
Antimony 5.0 μg/l
Arsenic 10 μg/l
Benzene 1.0 μg/l
Benzo(a)pyrene 0.010 μg/l
Boron 1.0 mg/l
Bromate 10 μg/l
Cadmium 5.0 μg/l
Chromium 50 μg/l
Copper 2.0 mg/l
Cyanide 50 μg/l
1,2-dichloroethane 3.0 μg/l
Epichlorohydrin 0.10 μg/l
Fluoride 1.5 mg/l
Lead 10 μg/l
Mercury 1.0 μg/l
Nickel 20 μg/l
Nitrate 50 mg/l
Nitrite 0.50 mg/l
Ezeji Mary Nkechi
ReplyDeleteF/HD/15/3720062
1.What is a Standard Operating Procedure?
Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) help maximum safety and operational efficiency for these kind of organisations:
- Pharmaceutical organizations
- Government organizations
- Emergency response operations
- Clinical research organizations
- Power producing organizations
SOPs are detailed written instructions to achieve uniformity of the performance of a specific function.
A well-written SOP can be used to satisfy compliance requirements. SOPs are recommended for all procedures that pose a potential risk to the health and safety of personnel.
2. List water quality indicators.
Temperature and dissolved oxygen.
Conventional variables (pH, total dissolved solids, conductivity, and suspended sediment)
Nutrients.
Metals.
Hydrocarbons.
Industrial Chemicals (PCBs and dioxins/furans)
Alkalinity
Colour of water
Chemical oxygen demand
3. Water cycle
The water cycle describes how water evaporates from the surface of the earth, rises into the atmosphere, cools and condenses into rain or snow in clouds, and falls again to the surface as precipitation. The water falling on land collects in rivers and lakes, soil, and porous layers of rock, and much of it flows back into the oceans, where it will once more evaporate. The cycling of water in and out of the atmosphere is a significant aspect of the weather patterns on Earth.
4. Potable water
Potable water is water that is considered safe to drink. It has been either treated, cleaned or filtered and meets your local established drinking water standards. Or, it is assumed to be reasonably free of harmful bacteria and contaminants and also considered safe to use in cooking and baking. Examples of potable water would be tap water from treated municipal water systems, or that has been UV filtered , water distilled or purified by reverse osmosis .
5.WHO standard for potable water
Acrylaemide 0.10 μg/l
Antimony 5.0 μg/l
Arsenic 10 μg/l
Benzene 1.0 μg/l
Benzo(a)pyrene 0.010 μg/l
Boron 1.0 mg/l
Bromate 10 μg/l
Cadmium 5.0 μg/l
Chromium 50 μg/l
Copper 2.0 mg/l
Cyanide 50 μg/l
1,2-dichloroethane 3.0 μg/l
Epichlorohydrin 0.10 μg/l
Fluoride 1.5 mg/l
Lead 10 μg/l
Mercury 1.0 μg/l
Nickel 20 μg/l
Nitrate 50 mg/l
Nitrite 0.50 mg/l
This comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDelete1.A standard operating procedure, or SOP, is a set of step-by-step instructions compiled by an organization to help workers carry out routine operations . SOPs aim to achieve efficiency, quality output and uniformity of performance, while reducing miscommunication and failure to comply with industry regulations.
ReplyDelete2.This section describes some of the chemical indicators commonly used to describe and assess water quality, including:
Temperature and dissolved oxygen.
Conventional variables (pH, total dissolved solids, conductivity, and suspended sediment)
Nutrients.
Metals.
Hydrocarbons.
Industrial Chemicals (PCBs and dioxins/furans)
3. The water cycle , also known as the
hydrological cycle or the H2 O cycle , describes the continuous movement of
water on, above and below the surface of the Earth. The mass of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time but the partitioning of the water into the major reservoirs of ice, fresh water , saline water and atmospheric water is variable depending on a wide range of climatic variables . The water moves from one reservoir to another, such as from river to
ocean, or from the ocean to the atmosphere, by the physical processes of evaporation ,
condensation , precipitation , infiltration ,
surface runoff , and subsurface flow. In doing so, the water goes through different phases: liquid, solid (ice) and vapor .
The water cycle involves the exchange of energy, which leads to temperature changes. For instance, when water evaporates, it takes up energy from its surroundings and cools the environment. When it condenses, it releases energy and warms the environment. These heat exchanges influence climate.
The evaporative phase of the cycle purifies water which then replenishes the land with freshwater. The flow of liquid water and ice transports minerals across the globe. It is also involved in reshaping the geological features of the Earth, through processes including erosion and sedimentation.
4. Potable water
Potable water is water that is considered safe to drink. It has been either treated, cleaned or filtered and meets your local established drinking water standards. Or, it is assumed to be reasonably free of harmful bacteria and contaminants and also considered safe to use in cooking and baking. Examples of potable water would be tap water from treated municipal water systems, or that has been UV filtered , water distilled or purified by reverse osmosis .
5.WHO standard for potable water
Acrylaemide 0.10 μg/l
Antimony 5.0 μg/l
Arsenic 10 μg/l
Benzene 1.0 μg/l
Benzo(a)pyrene 0.010 μg/l
Boron 1.0 mg/l
Bromate 10 μg/l
Cadmium 5.0 μg/l
Chromium 50 μg/l
Copper 2.0 mg/l
Cyanide 50 μg/l
1,2-dichloroethane 3.0 μg/l
Epichlorohydrin 0.10 μg/l
Fluoride 1.5 mg/l
Lead 10 μg/l
Mercury 1.0 μg/l
Nickel 20 μg/l
Nitrate 50 mg/l
Nitrite 0.50 mg/l
MEANING OF STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE
ReplyDeleteAn SOP is a procedure specific to your operation that describes the activities necessary to complete tasks in accordance with industry regulations, provincial laws or even just your own standards for running your business. Any document that is a “how to” falls into the category of procedures. In a manufacturing environment, the most obvious example of an SOP is the step by step production line procedures used to make products as well train staff. An SOP, in fact, defines expected practices in all businesses where quality standards exist. SOPs play an important role in your small business. SOPs are policies, procedures and standards you need in the operations, marketing and administration disciplines within your business to ensure success. These can create: efficiencies, and therefore profitability consistency and reliability in production and service fewer errors in all areas a way to resolve conflicts between partners a healthy and safe environment protection of employers in areas of potential liability and personnel matters a roadmap for how to resolve issues – and the removal of emotion from troubleshooting – allowing needed focus on solving the problem a first line of defense in any inspection, whether it be by a regulatory body, a partner or potential partner, a client, or a firm conducting due diligence for a possible purchase value added to your business should you ever wish to sell it Developing an SOP is about systemizing all of your processes and documenting them. Every business has a unique market, every entrepreneur has his/her own leadership style, and every industry has its own best practices. No two businesses will have an identical collection of SOPs. Below is a listing of just a few typical SOPs, which you will want to consider writing for your own small business.
WATER QUALITY INDICATORS
• ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
• PH
• TURBIDITY
• WATER TEMPERATURE
• DISSOLVED OXYGEN (DO)
• PHOSPHORUS (P)
• FECAL BACTERIA
• ALKALINITY
• CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD)
• NITRATES (NO2-NO3, NH3)
• TOTAL PHOSPHOROUS (TP)
• CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM
• CHLORIDE
• FLUORIDE
• TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (TDS)
• TOTAL HARDNESS
WATER CYCLE
Water covers most of our planet. It can be found in oceans, lakes, and ponds, and in the ground itself. The cycle of water from liquid to vapor to solid is called the water cycle. The water cycle is an exciting and continuous process, with no beginning or end. The water cycle is the movement of water in the environment by evaporation, condensation, and precipitation. The warm sun causes liquid water to evaporate (to change from a liquid into a gas or vapor) and rise up into the sky. The water vapors that are formed cools during evaporation. These cooled water vapors form clouds in the sky. The transformation of the vapor into clouds (that is, from a gas into a liquid) is condensation. Clouds can be a mass of water droplets and/or ice particles. When the clouds get heavy enough, the water falls back to the ground in the form of rain, snow, or hail. This is precipitation.
PORTABLE WATER SUPPLY
ReplyDeletePotable Water is water used for personal use and/or washing in the Lake Charles Plant. Examples of uses requiring potable water are: safety showers, eye washes, personal showers/change rooms, lavatories and sinks. Other acceptable uses for potable water include: toilets, urinals, equipment coolers, laundry wash water and pad wash down water. Although the potable water system meets the regulatory definition of potable water, it is not intended for human consumption. The supply of potable water is provided from chlorinated well-water.
When water isn’t readily available; this corrosion resistant poly tank provides the solution. Able to hold up to 25 gallons, this tank offers the required pressure and flow that ICS saws require. The diaphram High-Flo pump provides 1.8 gpm at 60 psi and comes with molded alligator clips for 12v battery hookup. Comes with a whip fitted with a standard hose end, ready for any regular hose you desire.
Potable water tank maintenance
Tanks must be inspected every two years or every dry dock, whichever is less. Detailed records must be maintained on the vessel recording the type of maintenance performed, the cleaning procedures, and disinfection, Including the residual, the contact time, and the flushing or dechlorination to less than five parts per million, water distribition system, water disinfection. Water disinfection methods include boiling, ultraviolet light, ozone, or halogenation.
What are the drinking water standards?
Drinking water must be ‘wholesome’ and this is defined in law by standards for a wide range of substances, organisms and properties of water in regulations. The standards are set to be protective of public health and the definition of wholesome reflects the importance of ensuring that water quality is acceptable to consumers. There is good agreement amongst worldwide on the science behind the setting of health based standards for drinking water and this expert evidence is documented by the World Health Organisation in the Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. You can look up all the background information to standards of water safety here. The legal standards in the UK are those which are set in Europe in the Drinking Water Directive 1998 together with national standards set to maintain the high quality of water already achieved. The standards are strict and include wide safety margins. They cover: • micro-organisms
• chemicals such as nitrate and pesticides
• metals such as lead and copper
• the way water looks and how it tastes
Terminologies
Parameter: - Substance or organism tested for routinely in drinking water
EU requirement: - These are the standards and specifications set in the EU Drinking Water Directive and apply in all the member states of the European Union
National requirement: - These are national standards and specifications in the regulations which apply only in the UK.
Concentration or value or specification: - Maximum or minimum or range allowed in drinking water Point of compliance: - The point where the legal standards apply, normally this is the consumers tap but it may be at the water works.
µg/l Micrograms per litre (parts per billion)
mg/l Milligrams per litre (parts per million)
GUIDELINES FOR DRINKING-WATER QUALITY
ReplyDeleteChemical mg/l pg/I Remarks
Acrylamide 0.0005a 0.5a
Alachlor 0.02 20°
Aldicarb 0.0 10
Aldrin and dieldrin 0.000 03 0.03 Applies to aldicarb sulfoxide and aldicarb sulfone
Antimony 0.02 20 For combined aldrin plus dieldrin
Arsenic 0.01 (A,T) 10 (A,T)
Atrazine and its chloro-s- 0.1 1 0O
triazine metabolites
Barium 0.7 700
Benzene 0.01° 10
Benzo[a]pyrene 0.0007° 0.7°
Boron 2.4 2400
Bromate 0.01° (A,T) 10 (A,T)
Bromodichloromethane 0.06a 60°
Bromoform 0.1 1OO
Cadmium 0.003 3
Carbofuran 0.007 7
Carbon tetrachloride 0.004 4
Chlorate 0.7 (D) 700 (D)
Chlordane 0.0002 0.2
Chlorine 5 (C) 5 000 (C) For effective disinfection, there should be a residual concentration of free chlorine of_> 0.5 mgll after at least 30 rain contact time at pH < 8.0. A chlorine residual should be maintained throughout the distribution system. At the point of delivery, the minimum residual concentration of free chlorine should be 0.2 mg/L
Chlorite 0.7 (D) 700 (D)
Chloroform 0.3 300
Chtorotoluron 0.03 30
Chlorpyrifos 0.03 30
Chromium 0.05 (P) 50 (P) For total chromium
Copper 2 2 000 Cyanazine 0.000 6
2,4-Db 0.03 30 Applies to free acid
2,4-DBc 0.09 90
DDTd and metabolites 0.001 1
Dibromoacetonitfile 0.07 70
Dibromochloromethane 0.1 100
1,2-Dibromo-3- 0.001a 1a
chloropropane
1,2-Dibromoethane 0.000 4= (P) 0.4
Dichloroacetate 0.05a (D) 50a
Dichloroacetonitrile 0.02 (P) 20
1,2-Dichlorobenzene 1 (C) 1000
1,4-Dichlorobenzene 0.3 (C) 300
1,2-Dichloroethane 0.03a 30a
1,2-Dichloroethene 0.05 50a
Dichloromethane 0.02 20
1,2-Dichloropropane 0.04 (P) 40
1,3-Dich[oropropene 0.02° 20a
Dichlorprop 0.1 100
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 0.008 8
Dimethoate 0.006 6
1,4-Dioxane 0.05° 50a Derived using tolerable daily intake approach as well as linearized multistage modeling
Edetic acid 0.6 600 Applies to the free acid
Endrin 0.0006 0.6
Epichlorohydrin 0.000 4 (P) 0.4 (P)
Ethylbenzene 0.3 (c) 300 (c)
Fenoprop 0.009 9
Fluoride 1.5 1500 Volume of water consumed and intake from other sources should be considered when setting national standards
Hexachlorobutadiene 0,000 6 0.6
Hydroxyatrazine 0.2 200
Atrazine metabolite
Isoproturon 0.009 9
Lead 0.01 (A,T) 10 (A,T)
Lindane 0.002 2
MCPAe 0.002 2
Mecoprop 0.01 I0
Mercury 0.006 6 For inorganic mercury
Methoxychlor 0.02 20
Metolachlor 0.01 10
Microcystin-LR 0.001 (P) 1 (P) For total microcystin-LR (free plus cell bound)
Molinate 0.006 6
Monochloramine 3 3 000
Monochloroacetate 0.02 20
Nickel 0.07 70
Nitrate (as NO3-) 50 50000 Short-term exposure
Nitrilotriaeetic acid 0.2 200
Nitrite (as NO -) 3 3000 Short-term exposure
N-Nitrosodimethylamine 0.0001 0.1
Pendimethalin 0.02 20
Pentachlorophenol 0.009 (P) 92 (P)
Selenium 0.04 (P) 40 (P)
Simazine 0.002 2
Sodium 50 50000 As sodium dichloroisocyanurate
dichloroisocyanurate 40 40 000 As cyanuric acid
Styrene 0.02 (C) 20 (C)
2,4,5-Tf 0.009 9
Terbuthylazine 0.007 7
Tetrachloroethene 0.04 40
Toluene 0.7 (C) 700 (C)
Trichloroacetate 0.2 200
Trichloroethene 0.02 (P) 20 (P)
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 0.2a (C) 200a (C)
Trifluralin 0.02 20
Trihalomethanes The sum of the ratio of the concentration of each to its respective guideline value should not exceed 1 Only chemical aspects of uranium addressed
Uranium 0.03 (P) 30 (P)
Vinyl chloride 0.0003a 0.3a
Xylenes 0.5 (C) 500 (C)
ATERE OLAYINKA M.
F/HD/15/3720009
HND 1
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
Water covers 70% of the earth surface,97.5% is salt water while 2.5% is fresh water in which mankind depends on,and these 21.5%fresh water is also polluted by man,some from agricultural waste,industrial waste which when released contaminants the ground water and shock the rivers. Every 8sec.somewhere in the world a child dies of water related diseases,by the year 2020 nations will suffer water shortage, 2030many cities that has existed for centuries will dry up.6billion people are in the earth by 2050 the figure will double so let's STOP POLLUTING rivers,STOP wasting water.lets make an awareness, inform ourselves.avoid using plastic bags and bottles,lets us recycle our garbage and let us all FIGHT against WATER PRIVATIZATION.
ReplyDeleteAFOLARIN KANYINSOLA.K
F/HD /15 /3720088
Portable water
ReplyDeleteDrinking water , also known as potable water or improved drinking water, is water that is safe to drink or to use for food preparation , without risk of health problems. Globally, in 2012, 89% of people had access to water suitable for drinking.
Nearly 4 billion had access to tap water while another 2.3 billion had access to
wells or public taps. 1.8 billion people still use an unsafe drinking water source which may be contaminated by feces. This can result in infectious diarrhea such as cholera and typhoid among others.
WHO STANDARDS ON PORTABLE WATER
World health Organisation Guidelines
The World Health Organisation (WHO) Guideline for Drinking-water Quality (GDWQ) include the following recommended limits on naturally occurring constituents that may have direct adverse health impact:
Arsenic 10μg/l
Barium 10μg/l
Boron 2400μg/l
Chromium 50μg/l
Fluoride 1500μg/l
Selenium 40μg/l
Uranium 30μg/l
Organic species:
Benzene 10μg/l
Carbon tetrachloride 4μg/l
1,2-Dichlorobenzene 1000μg/l
1,4-Dichlorobenzene 300μg/l
1,2-Dichloroethane 30μg/l
1,2-Dichloroethene 50μg/l
Dichloromethane 20μg/l
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 8 μg/l
1,4-Dioxane 50μg/l
Edetic acid 600μg/l
Ethylbenzene 300 μg/l
Hexachlorobutadiene 0.6 μg/l
Nitrilotriacetic acid 200μg/l
Pentachlorophenol 9μg/l
Styrene 20μg/l
Tetrachloroethene 40μg/l
Toluene 700μg/l
Trichloroethene 20μg/l
Xylenes 500μg/l
parametric values
The following table provides a parameters for concentrations listed by WHO.
Agbontean Micheal Uyi
F/HD/15/3720064
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES(SOP)are a necessary component of every modern business. SOPs acts as process books that describes a set of procedures and protocols for a particular action.it also describes how processes works,detailing the roles and resources that are involved in a particular process.. The World Health Organisation (WHO) Guideline for Drinking-waterQuality (GDWQ) include the following recommended limits on naturally occurring constituents that may have direct adverse health impact:Arsenic 10μg/lBarium 10μg/lBoron 2400μg/lChromium 50μg/lFluoride 1500μg/lSelenium 40μg/lUranium 30μg/lOrganic species:Benzene 10μg/lCarbon tetrachloride 4μg/l1,2-Dichlorobenzene 1000μg/l1,4-Dichlorobenzene 300μg/l1,2-Dichloroethane 30μg/l1,2-Dichloroethene 50μg/lDichloromethane 20μg/lDi(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 8 μg/l1,4-Dioxane 50μg/lEdetic acid 600μg/lEthylbenzene 300 μg/lHexachlorobutadiene 0.6 μg/lNitrilotriacetic acid 200μg/lPentachlorophenol 9μg/lStyrene 20μg/lTetrachloroethene 40μg/lToluene 700μg/lTrichloroethene 20μg/lXylenes 500μg 3. The water cycle , also known as thehydrological cycle or the H2 O cycle , describes the continuous movement ofwater on, above and below the surface of the Earth. The mass of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time but the partitioning of the water into the major reservoirs of ice, fresh water, saline water and atmospheric water is variable depending on a wide range of climatic variables . The water moves from one reservoir to another, such as from river toocean, or from the ocean to the atmosphere, by the physical processes of evaporation ,condensation , precipitation , infiltration ,surface runoff , and subsurface flow. In doing so, the water goes through different phases: liquid, solid (ice) and vapor .The water cycle involves the exchange of energy, which leads to temperature changes. For instance, when water evaporates, it takes up energy from its surroundings and cools the environment. When it condenses, it releases energy and warms the environment. These heat exchanges influence climate.The evaporative phase of the cyclepurifies water which then replenishes the land with freshwater. The flow of liquid water and ice transports minerals across the globe. It is also involved in reshaping the geological features of the Earth, through processes including erosion and sediment. 4.List water quality indicators.Temperature and dissolved oxygen.Conventional variables (pH, total dissolved solids, conductivity, andsuspended sediment)Nutrients.Metals.Hydrocarbons.Industrial Chemicals (PCBs and dioxins/furans)AlkalinityColour of waterChemical oxygen demand. 5.Potable waterPotable water is water that is considered safe to drink. It has been either treated, cleaned or filtered and meets your local established drinking water standards. Or, it is assumed to be reasonably free of harmful bacteria and contaminants and also considered safe to use in cooking and baking. Examples of potable water would be tap water from treated municipal water systems, or that has been UV filtered , water distilled or purified by reverse osmosis . Ughonu Rhema chinwe. F/HD/15/3720034.
ReplyDeleteSTANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES(SOP)are a necessary component of every modern business. SOPs acts as process books that describes a set of procedures and protocols for a particular action.it also describes how processes works,detailing the roles and resources that are involved in a particular process.. The World Health Organisation (WHO) Guideline for Drinking-waterQuality (GDWQ) include the following recommended limits on naturally occurring constituents that may have direct adverse health impact:Arsenic 10μg/lBarium 10μg/lBoron 2400μg/lChromium 50μg/lFluoride 1500μg/lSelenium 40μg/lUranium 30μg/lOrganic species:Benzene 10μg/lCarbon tetrachloride 4μg/l1,2-Dichlorobenzene 1000μg/l1,4-Dichlorobenzene 300μg/l1,2-Dichloroethane 30μg/l1,2-Dichloroethene 50μg/lDichloromethane 20μg/lDi(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 8 μg/l1,4-Dioxane 50μg/lEdetic acid 600μg/lEthylbenzene 300 μg/lHexachlorobutadiene 0.6 μg/lNitrilotriacetic acid 200μg/lPentachlorophenol 9μg/lStyrene 20μg/lTetrachloroethene 40μg/lToluene 700μg/lTrichloroethene 20μg/lXylenes 500μg 3. The water cycle , also known as thehydrological cycle or the H2 O cycle , describes the continuous movement ofwater on, above and below the surface of the Earth. The mass of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time but the partitioning of the water into the major reservoirs of ice, fresh water, saline water and atmospheric water is variable depending on a wide range of climatic variables . The water moves from one reservoir to another, such as from river toocean, or from the ocean to the atmosphere, by the physical processes of evaporation ,condensation , precipitation , infiltration ,surface runoff , and subsurface flow. In doing so, the water goes through different phases: liquid, solid (ice) and vapor .The water cycle involves the exchange of energy, which leads to temperature changes. For instance, when water evaporates, it takes up energy from its surroundings and cools the environment. When it condenses, it releases energy and warms the environment. These heat exchanges influence climate.The evaporative phase of the cyclepurifies water which then replenishes the land with freshwater. The flow of liquid water and ice transports minerals across the globe. It is also involved in reshaping the geological features of the Earth, through processes including erosion and sediment. 4.List water quality indicators.Temperature and dissolved oxygen.Conventional variables (pH, total dissolved solids, conductivity, andsuspended sediment)Nutrients.Metals.Hydrocarbons.Industrial Chemicals (PCBs and dioxins/furans)AlkalinityColour of waterChemical oxygen demand. 5.Potable waterPotable water is water that is considered safe to drink. It has been either treated, cleaned or filtered and meets your local established drinking water standards. Or, it is assumed to be reasonably free of harmful bacteria and contaminants and also considered safe to use in cooking and baking. Examples of potable water would be tap water from treated municipal water systems, or that has been UV filtered , water distilled or purified by reverse osmosis . Ughonu Rhema chinwe. F/HD/15/3720034.
ReplyDeleteSTANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES(SOP)are a necessary component of every modern business. SOPs acts as process books that describes a set of procedures and protocols for a particular action.it also describes how processes works,detailing the roles and resources that are involved in a particular process.. The World Health Organisation (WHO) Guideline for Drinking-waterQuality (GDWQ) include the following recommended limits on naturally occurring constituents that may have direct adverse health impact:Arsenic 10μg/lBarium 10μg/lBoron 2400μg/lChromium 50μg/lFluoride 1500μg/lSelenium 40μg/lUranium 30μg/lOrganic species:Benzene 10μg/lCarbon tetrachloride 4μg/l1,2-Dichlorobenzene 1000μg/l1,4-Dichlorobenzene 300μg/l1,2-Dichloroethane 30μg/l1,2-Dichloroethene 50μg/lDichloromethane 20μg/lDi(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 8 μg/l1,4-Dioxane 50μg/lEdetic acid 600μg/lEthylbenzene 300 μg/lHexachlorobutadiene 0.6 μg/lNitrilotriacetic acid 200μg/lPentachlorophenol 9μg/lStyrene 20μg/lTetrachloroethene 40μg/lToluene 700μg/lTrichloroethene 20μg/lXylenes 500μg 3. The water cycle , also known as thehydrological cycle or the H2 O cycle , describes the continuous movement ofwater on, above and below the surface of the Earth. The mass of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time but the partitioning of the water into the major reservoirs of ice, fresh water, saline water and atmospheric water is variable depending on a wide range of climatic variables . The water moves from one reservoir to another, such as from river toocean, or from the ocean to the atmosphere, by the physical processes of evaporation ,condensation , precipitation , infiltration ,surface runoff , and subsurface flow. In doing so, the water goes through different phases: liquid, solid (ice) and vapor .The water cycle involves the exchange of energy, which leads to temperature changes. For instance, when water evaporates, it takes up energy from its surroundings and cools the environment. When it condenses, it releases energy and warms the environment. These heat exchanges influence climate.The evaporative phase of the cyclepurifies water which then replenishes the land with freshwater. The flow of liquid water and ice transports minerals across the globe. It is also involved in reshaping the geological features of the Earth, through processes including erosion and sediment. 4.List water quality indicators.Temperature and dissolved oxygen.Conventional variables (pH, total dissolved solids, conductivity, andsuspended sediment)Nutrients.Metals.Hydrocarbons.Industrial Chemicals (PCBs and dioxins/furans)AlkalinityColour of waterChemical oxygen demand. 5.Potable waterPotable water is water that is considered safe to drink. It has been either treated, cleaned or filtered and meets your local established drinking water standards. Or, it is assumed to be reasonably free of harmful bacteria and contaminants and also considered safe to use in cooking and baking. Examples of potable water would be tap water from treated municipal water systems, or that has been UV filtered , water distilled or purified by reverse osmosis . Ughonu Rhema chinwe. F/HD/15/3720034.
ReplyDeleteSTANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES(SOP)are a necessary component of every modern business. SOPs acts as process books that describes a set of procedures and protocols for a particular action.it also describes how processes works,detailing the roles and resources that are involved in a particular process.. The World Health Organisation (WHO) Guideline for Drinking-waterQuality (GDWQ) include the following recommended limits on naturally occurring constituents that may have direct adverse health impact:Arsenic 10μg/lBarium 10μg/lBoron 2400μg/lChromium 50μg/lFluoride 1500μg/lSelenium 40μg/lUranium 30μg/lOrganic species:Benzene 10μg/lCarbon tetrachloride 4μg/l1,2-Dichlorobenzene 1000μg/l1,4-Dichlorobenzene 300μg/l1,2-Dichloroethane 30μg/l1,2-Dichloroethene 50μg/lDichloromethane 20μg/lDi(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 8 μg/l1,4-Dioxane 50μg/lEdetic acid 600μg/lEthylbenzene 300 μg/lHexachlorobutadiene 0.6 μg/lNitrilotriacetic acid 200μg/lPentachlorophenol 9μg/lStyrene 20μg/lTetrachloroethene 40μg/lToluene 700μg/lTrichloroethene 20μg/lXylenes 500μg 3. The water cycle , also known as thehydrological cycle or the H2 O cycle , describes the continuous movement ofwater on, above and below the surface of the Earth. The mass of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time but the partitioning of the water into the major reservoirs of ice, fresh water, saline water and atmospheric water is variable depending on a wide range of climatic variables . The water moves from one reservoir to another, such as from river toocean, or from the ocean to the atmosphere, by the physical processes of evaporation ,condensation , precipitation , infiltration ,surface runoff , and subsurface flow. In doing so, the water goes through different phases: liquid, solid (ice) and vapor .The water cycle involves the exchange of energy, which leads to temperature changes. For instance, when water evaporates, it takes up energy from its surroundings and cools the environment. When it condenses, it releases energy and warms the environment. These heat exchanges influence climate.The evaporative phase of the cyclepurifies water which then replenishes the land with freshwater. The flow of liquid water and ice transports minerals across the globe. It is also involved in reshaping the geological features of the Earth, through processes including erosion and sediment. 4.List water quality indicators.Temperature and dissolved oxygen.Conventional variables (pH, total dissolved solids, conductivity, andsuspended sediment)Nutrients.Metals.Hydrocarbons.Industrial Chemicals (PCBs and dioxins/furans)AlkalinityColour of waterChemical oxygen demand. 5.Potable waterPotable water is water that is considered safe to drink. It has been either treated, cleaned or filtered and meets your local established drinking water standards. Or, it is assumed to be reasonably free of harmful bacteria and contaminants and also considered safe to use in cooking and baking. Examples of potable water would be tap water from treated municipal water systems, or that has been UV filtered , water distilled or purified by reverse osmosis . Ughonu Rhema chinwe. F/HD/15/3720034.
ReplyDeleteSTANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES(SOP)are a necessary component of every modern business. SOPs acts as process books that describes a set of procedures and protocols for a particular action.it also describes how processes works,detailing the roles and resources that are involved in a particular process.. The World Health Organisation (WHO) Guideline for Drinking-waterQuality (GDWQ) include the following recommended limits on naturally occurring constituents that may have direct adverse health impact:Arsenic 10μg/lBarium 10μg/lBoron 2400μg/lChromium 50μg/lFluoride 1500μg/lSelenium 40μg/lUranium 30μg/lOrganic species:Benzene 10μg/lCarbon tetrachloride 4μg/l1,2-Dichlorobenzene 1000μg/l1,4-Dichlorobenzene 300μg/l1,2-Dichloroethane 30μg/l1,2-Dichloroethene 50μg/lDichloromethane 20μg/lDi(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 8 μg/l1,4-Dioxane 50μg/lEdetic acid 600μg/lEthylbenzene 300 μg/lHexachlorobutadiene 0.6 μg/lNitrilotriacetic acid 200μg/lPentachlorophenol 9μg/lStyrene 20μg/lTetrachloroethene 40μg/lToluene 700μg/lTrichloroethene 20μg/lXylenes 500μg 3. The water cycle , also known as thehydrological cycle or the H2 O cycle , describes the continuous movement ofwater on, above and below the surface of the Earth. The mass of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time but the partitioning of the water into the major reservoirs of ice, fresh water, saline water and atmospheric water is variable depending on a wide range of climatic variables . The water moves from one reservoir to another, such as from river toocean, or from the ocean to the atmosphere, by the physical processes of evaporation ,condensation , precipitation , infiltration ,surface runoff , and subsurface flow. In doing so, the water goes through different phases: liquid, solid (ice) and vapor .The water cycle involves the exchange of energy, which leads to temperature changes. For instance, when water evaporates, it takes up energy from its surroundings and cools the environment. When it condenses, it releases energy and warms the environment. These heat exchanges influence climate.The evaporative phase of the cyclepurifies water which then replenishes the land with freshwater. The flow of liquid water and ice transports minerals across the globe. It is also involved in reshaping the geological features of the Earth, through processes including erosion and sediment. 4.List water quality indicators.Temperature and dissolved oxygen.Conventional variables (pH, total dissolved solids, conductivity, andsuspended sediment)Nutrients.Metals.Hydrocarbons.Industrial Chemicals (PCBs and dioxins/furans)AlkalinityColour of waterChemical oxygen demand. 5.Potable waterPotable water is water that is considered safe to drink. It has been either treated, cleaned or filtered and meets your local established drinking water standards. Or, it is assumed to be reasonably free of harmful bacteria and contaminants and also considered safe to use in cooking and baking. Examples of potable water would be tap water from treated municipal water systems, or that has been UV filtered , water distilled or purified by reverse osmosis . Ughonu Rhema chinwe. F/HD/15/3720034.
ReplyDelete1. What is Standard Operational Procedure?
ReplyDeleteA Standard Operating Procedure is a document which describes the regularly recurring operations relevant to the quality of the investigation. The purpose of a SOP is to carry out the operations correctly and always in the same manner. A SOP should be available at the place where the work is done".
A SOP is a compulsory instruction. If deviations from this instruction are allowed, the conditions for these should be documented including who can give permission for this and what exactly the complete procedure will be. The original should rest at a secure place while working copies should be authenticated with stamps and/or signatures of authorized persons.
Several categories and types of SOPs can be distinguished. The name "SOP" may not always be appropriate, e.g., the description of situations or other matters may better designated protocols, instructions or simply registration forms. Also worksheets belonging to an analytical procedure have to be standardized (to avoid jotting down readings and calculations on odd pieces of paper).
A number of important SOP types are:
- Fundamental SOPs. These give instructions how to make SOPs of the other categories.
- Methodic SOPs. These describe a complete testing system or method of investigation.
- SOPs for safety precautions.
- Standard procedures for operating instruments, apparatus and other equipment.
- SOPs for analytical methods.
- SOPs for the preparation of reagents.
- SOPs for receiving and registration of samples.
- SOPs for Quality Assurance.
- SOPs for archiving and how to deal with complaints.
OBI VICTOR. O
F/HD/15/3720125
Environmental biology.
2. List of water quality indicators used to commonly used to assess and describe the quality of water is shown below:
ReplyDeleteTemperature and dissolved oxygen.
Conventional variables (pH, total.
dissolved solids, conductivity, and suspended sediment)
Nutrients
Metals
Hydrocarbons
Industrial Chemicals (PCBs and dioxins/furans).
3. The water cycle or hydrologic is a continuous cycle where water evaporates, travels into the air and becomes part of a cloud, falls down to earth as precipitation, and then evaporates again. This repeats again and again in a never-ending cycle. Water keeps moving and changing from a solid to a liquid to a gas, over and over again.
Precipitation creates runoff that travels over the ground surface and helps to fill lakes and rivers. It also percolates or moves downward through openings in the soil to replenish aquifers under the ground. Some places receive more precipitation than others do. These areas are usually close to oceans or large bodies of water that allow more water to evaporate and form clouds. Other areas receive less precipitation. Often these areas are far from water or near mountains. As clouds move up and over mountains, the water vapor condenses to form precipitation and freezes. Snow falls on the peaks.
Summarily,it involves three major stages namely:
Evaporation
Condensation
Precipitation (rainfall).
4. What potable water means.
Potable water is water which is fit for consumption by humans and other animals. It is also called drinking water, in a reference to its intended use. Water may be naturally potable, as is the case with pristine springs, or it may need to be treated in order to be safe. In either instance, the safety of water is assessed with tests which look for potentially harmful contaminants.
The issue of access to potable water is very important. In developed countries, people may not put a great deal of thought into the source of their water. In many First World nations, citizens can turn on a tap for fresh, potable water which may also be enriched with substances for health. In developing countries, however, and especially in Africa, a large proportion of the population does not have access to safe water.
Water which is not safe to drink can carry diseases and heavy metals. People who consume this water will become ill, and there is a risk of death. Unfortunately, even in areas where the water is known to be unsafe, people may drink it anyway, out of desperation. The lack of potable water is often accompanied by other lapses in sanitation, such as open sewers and limited garbage collection. Many of these public health issues impact the poor more than anyone else.
Water which is contaminated can be treated to turn it into potable water. One of the easiest ways to treat water is boiling. Boiling water may not remove heavy contaminants, but it can neutralize most bacteria and viruses which may be present. Water can also be treated with chemicals such as bleach, which sometimes come in the form of tablets for field and camping use. In addition, water can be pumped through a filter to remove particulates.
OBI VICTOR. O
F/HD/15/3720125
Environmental biology.
1. Standard Operating Procedure are written instruction intended to document how to perform a routine activity. SOP aim to achieve efficiency, quality output and uniformity of performance while reducing miscommunication and failure to comply with industry regulations.
ReplyDelete2. List od Water Quality Indicators?
- pH
- Color of H20
- Taste and Odour
- TDs ( Total dissolve solid)
- Water Temperature
- TSS ( Total Suspended Solids)
- Turbidity
- Total Hardness
- Dissolved Oxygen
- Specifics Conductance or Electrical conductance,conductivity.
3. Water Cycle?
Water covers most of our planet. It can be found in oceans, lakes, and ponds, and in the ground itself. The cycle of water from liquid to vapor to solid is called the water cycle. The water cycle is an exciting and continuous process, with no beginning or end. The water cycle is the movement of water in the environment by evaporation, condensation, and precipitation. The warm sun causes liquid water to evaporate (to change from a liquid into a gas or vapor) and rise up into the sky. The water vapors that are formed cools during evaporation. These cooled water vapors form clouds in the sky. The transformation of the vapor into clouds (that is, from a gas into a liquid) is condensation. Clouds can be a mass of water droplets and/or ice particles. When the clouds get heavy enough, the water falls back to the ground in the form of rain, snow, or hail, this is called precipitation.
4. Portable water?
Potable water is water that is considered safe to drink. It has been either treated, cleaned or filtered and meets your local established drinking water standards. Or, it is assumed to be reasonably free of harmful bacteria and contaminants and also considered safe to use in cooking and drinking. Examples of potable water would be tap water from treated municipal water systems, or that has been UV filtered , water distilled or purified by reverse osmosis .
5. World health Organisation Guidelines
The World Health Organisation (WHO) Guideline for Drinking-water Quality (GDWQ) include the following recommended limits on naturally occurring constituents that may have direct adverse health impact:
Arsenic 10μg/l
Barium 10μg/l
Boron 2400μg/l
Chromium 50μg/l
Fluoride 1500μg/l
Selenium 40μg/l
Uranium 30μg/l
Organic species:
Benzene 10μg/l
Carbon tetrachloride 4μg/l
1,2-Dichlorobenzene 1000μg/l
1,4-Dichlorobenzene 300μg/l
1,2-Dichloroethane 30μg/l
1,2-Dichloroethene 50μg/l
Dichloromethane 20μg/l
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 8 μg/l
1,4-Dioxane 50μg/l
Edetic acid 600μg/l
Ethylbenzene 300 μg/l
Hexachlorobutadiene 0.6 μg/l
Nitrilotriacetic acid 200μg/l
Pentachlorophenol 9μg/l
Styrene 20μg/l
Tetrachloroethene 40μg/l
Toluene 700μg/l
Trichloroethene 20μg/l
Xylenes 500μg/l
parametric values
The following table provides a parameters for concentrations listed by WHO.
NOSIRU ALIMAT O.
F/HD/15/3720111
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
1.A standard operating procedure, or SOP, is a set of step-by-step instructions compiled by an organization to help workers carry out routine operations . SOPs aim to achieve efficiency, quality output and uniformity of performance, while reducing miscommunication and failure to comply with industry regulations.
ReplyDelete2.This section describes some of the chemical indicators commonly used to describe and assess water quality, including:
Temperature and dissolved oxygen.
Conventional variables (pH, total dissolved solids, conductivity, and suspended sediment)
Nutrients.
Metals.
Hydrocarbons.
Industrial Chemicals (PCBs and dioxins/furans)
3. The water cycle , also known as the
hydrological cycle or the H2 O cycle , describes the continuous movement of
water on, above and below the surface of the Earth. The mass of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time but the partitioning of the water into the major reservoirs of ice, fresh water , saline water and atmospheric water is variable depending on a wide range of climatic variables . The water moves from one reservoir to another, such as from river to
ocean, or from the ocean to the atmosphere, by the physical processes of evaporation ,
condensation , precipitation , infiltration ,
surface runoff , and subsurface flow. In doing so, the water goes through different phases: liquid, solid (ice) and vapor .
The water cycle involves the exchange of energy, which leads to temperature changes. For instance, when water evaporates, it takes up energy from its surroundings and cools the environment. When it condenses, it releases energy and warms the environment. These heat exchanges influence climate.
The evaporative phase of the cycle purifies water which then replenishes the land with freshwater. The flow of liquid water and ice transports minerals across the globe. It is also involved in reshaping the geological features of the Earth, through processes including erosion and sedimentation.
4. Potable water
Potable water is water that is considered safe to drink. It has been either treated, cleaned or filtered and meets your local established drinking water standards. Or, it is assumed to be reasonably free of harmful bacteria and contaminants and also considered safe to use in cooking and baking. Examples of potable water would be tap water from treated municipal water systems, or that has been UV filtered , water distilled or purified by reverse osmosis .
5.WHO standard for potable water
Acrylaemide 0.10 μg/l
Antimony 5.0 μg/l
Arsenic 10 μg/l
Benzene 1.0 μg/l
Benzo(a)pyrene 0.010 μg/l
Boron 1.0 mg/l
Bromate 10 μg/l
Cadmium 5.0 μg/l
Chromium 50 μg/l
Copper 2.0 mg/l
Cyanide 50 μg/l
1,2-dichloroethane 3.0 μg/l
Epichlorohydrin 0.10 μg/l
Fluoride 1.5 mg/l
Lead 10 μg/l
Mercury 1.0 μg/l
Nickel 20 μg/l
Nitrate 50 mg/l
Nitrite 0.50 mg/
DAUDU KEHINDE
F/HD/3720078
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY HND1
1. what is standard operating procedure?
A written method of controlling a practice in accordance with predetermined specifications to obtain a desired outcome. SOPs are written steps to explain good manufacturing practices (GMP), plant safety routines, financial controls to secure assets, or IT security measures that employees are to follow. SOPs are step by step procedures on how to do something that is critical to quality, critical to safe operations.
2.WATER QUALITY INDICATORS
• ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
• PH
• TURBIDITY
• WATER TEMPERATURE
• DISSOLVED OXYGEN (DO)
• PHOSPHORUS (P)
• FECAL BACTERIA
• ALKALINITY
• CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD)
• NITRATES (NO2-NO3, NH3)
• TOTAL PHOSPHOROUS (TP)
• CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM
• CHLORIDE
• FLUORIDE
• TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (TDS)
• TOTAL HARDNESS
3.The water cycle describes how water evaporates from the surface of the earth, rises into the atmosphere, cools and condenses into rain or snow in clouds, and falls again to the surface as precipitation. The water falling on land collects in rivers and lakes, soil, and porous layers of rock, and much of it flows back into the oceans, where it will once more evaporate. The cycling of water in and out of the atmosphere is a significant aspect of the weather patterns on Earth.
4.4. Potable water
Potable water is water that is considered safe to drink. It has been either treated, cleaned or filtered and meets your local established drinking water standards. Or, it is assumed to be reasonably free of harmful bacteria and contaminants and also considered safe to use in cooking and baking. Examples of potable water would be tap water from treated municipal water systems, or that has been UV filtered , water distilled or purified by reverse osmosis .
5.HO standard for potable water
Acrylaemide 0.10 μg/l
Antimony 5.0 μg/l
Arsenic 10 μg/l
Benzene 1.0 μg/l
Benzo(a)pyrene 0.010 μg/l
Boron 1.0 mg/l
Bromate 10 μg/l
Cadmium 5.0 μg/l
Chromium 50 μg/l
Copper 2.0 mg/l
Cyanide 50 μg/l
1,2-dichloroethane 3.0 μg/l
Epichlorohydrin 0.10 μg/l
Fluoride 1.5 mg/l
Lead 10 μg/l
Mercury 1.0 μg/l
Nickel 20 μg/l
Nitrate 50 mg/l
Nitrite 0.50 mg/l
Abimbola Rukayat Mojisola
F/hd/15/3720048