Communicating news on environmental issues, toxic chemical, safety, health, climate change and sustainable development. The blog will also disseminate research findings on the environment that will benefit the society.
Tuesday 15 November 2016
Water Quality Assessment and Pollution
Water is Life and so it must be consumed with care!
what is standard operating procedure? A written method of controlling a practice in accordance with predetermined specifications to obtain a desired outcome. SOPs are written steps to explain good manufacturing practices (GMP), plant safety routines, financial controls to secure assets, or IT security measures that employees are to follow. SOPs are step by step procedures on how to do something that is critical to quality, critical to safe operations.
2. list water quality indicators Algal bloom Anoxic event Average Score Per Taxon Bacteriological water analysis Biochemical oxygen demand Bioindicator Biological monitoring working party Carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand Chemical oxygen demand Coliform bacteria Coliform index Color of water Colored dissolved organic matter Conventional pollutant Temperature Heavy metal Industrial chemical Alkalinity Dissolved oxygen
3. what is water cycle The water cycle, also hydrological cycle or the H2 O cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth . The mass of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time but the partitioning of the water into the major reservoirs of ice, fresh water , saline water and atmospheric water is variable depending on a wide range of climatic variables . The water moves from one reservoir to another, such as from river to ocean , or from the ocean to the atmosphere, by the physical processes of evaporation , condensation , precipitation , infiltration , surface runoff, and subsurface flow. In doing so, the water goes through different phases: liquid, solid ( ice ) and vapor . The water cycle involves the exchange of energy, which leads to temperature changes. For instance, when water evaporates, it takes up energy from its surroundings and cools the environment. When it condenses, it releases energy and warms the environment. These heat exchanges influence climate . The evaporative phase of the cycle purifies water which then replenishes the land with freshwater. The flow of liquid water and ice transports minerals across the globe. It is also involved in reshaping the geological features of the Earth, through processes including erosion and sedimentation. The water cycle is also essential for the maintenance of most life and ecosystems on the planet.
4. What is potable water Potable water is water which is fit for consumption by humans and other animals. It is also called drinking water, in a reference to its intended use. Water may be naturally potable, as is the case with pristine springs, or it may need to be treated in order to be safe. In either instance, the safety of water is assessed with tests which look for potentially harmful contaminants.
5 WHO standard for potable water The following parametric standards are included in the Drinking Water Directive and are expected to be enforced by appropriate legislation in every country in the European Union. Simple parametric values are reproduced here, but in many cases the original directive also provides caveats and notes about many of the values given. Acrylamide 0.10 μg/l Antimony 5.0 μg/l Arsenic 10 μg/l Benzene 1.0 μg/l Benzo(a)pyrene 0.010 μg/l Boron 1.0 mg/l Bromate 10 μg/l Cadmium 5.0 μg/l Chromium 50 μg/l Copper 2.0 mg/l Cyanide 50 μg/l 1,2-dichloroethane 3.0 μg/l Epichlorohydrin 0.10 μg/l Fluoride 1.5 mg/l Lead 10 μg/l Mercury 1.0 μg/l Nickel 20 μg/l Nitrate 50 mg Mercury 1.0 μg/l Nickel 20 μg/l Nitrate 50 mg/l Nitrite 0.50 mg/l Pesticides 0.10 μg/l Pesticides - Total 0.50 μg/l
what is standard operating procedure? An SOP is a procedure specific to your operation that describes the activities necessary to complete tasks in accordance with industry regulations, provincial laws or even just your own standards for running your business. Any document that is a “how to” falls into the category of procedures. In a manufacturing environment, the most obvious example of an SOP is the step by step production line procedures used to make products as well train staff.
2. list water quality indicators Visual test Nitrate Escherichia coli Dissolved oxygen Transparency PH Conventional pollutant Temperature Heavy metal Industrial chemical Alkalinity Dissolved oxygen
3. what is water cycle The water cycle involves the exchange of energy, which leads to temperature changes. For instance, when water evaporates, it takes up energy from its surroundings and cools the environment. When it condenses, it releases energy and warms the environment. These heat exchanges influence climate. The evaporative phase of the cycle purifies water which then replenishes the land with freshwater. The flow of liquid water and ice transports minerals across the globe. It is also involved in reshaping the geological features of the Earth, through processes including erosion and sedimentation. The water cycle is also essential for the maintenance of most life and ecosystems on the planet.
4. What is potable water
Potable water has been filtered, cleaned, or treated to meet the standards for drinking water, meaning that it is reasonably clear of contaminants and harmful bacteria. This makes the water safe for drinking and cooking. Water purified via reverse osmosis, distilled, or UV filtered and water treated within municipal water systems all qualify as potable water.
5 WHO standard for potable water The following parametric standards are included in the Drinking Water Directive and are expected to be enforced by appropriate legislation in every country in the European Union. Simple parametric values are reproduced here, but in many cases the original directive also provides caveats and notes about many of the values given. Acrylamide 0.10 μg/l Antimony 5.0 μg/l Arsenic 10 μg/l Benzene 1.0 μg/l Benzo(a)pyrene 0.010 μg/l Boron 1.0 mg/l Bromate 10 μg/l Cadmium 5.0 μg/l Chromium 50 μg/l Copper 2.0 mg/l Cyanide 50 μg/l 1,2-dichloroethane 3.0 μg/l Epichlorohydrin 0.10 μg/l Fluoride 1.5 mg/l Lead 10 μg/l Mercury 1.0 μg/l Nickel 20 μg/l Nitrate 50 mg Mercury 1.0 μg/l Nickel 20 μg/l Nitrate 50 mg/l Nitrite 0.50 mg/l Pesticides 0.10 μg/l Pesticides - Total 0.50 μg/l
Recent case study of cholera disease in Nigeria; community and local government
The Lagos State Government disclosed that 45 cases of cholera disease has been recorded in Isolo Local Council Development Area, LCDA, of the state, with six deaths already recorded. Giving update on the outbreak, at a press conference in Lagos, the State Commissioner for Health, Dr. Jide Idris explained that out of the six cases, two were brought in dead. He added that 36 cases have been successfully managed in various hospitals across the state while four people are currently responding to treatment. According to the commissioner, the main source of the outbreak has been traced to local consumption of Salad called Abacha, a staple food of the residents of Isolo council area. His words: “Some domestic wells within the communities are also suspected. Sample of Abacha salad and well water have been collected and sent to the Lagos State Drug Quality Control Laboratory for analysis. “Samples were collected from 15 cases and taken to the central public health laboratory, Yaba. The risk of contracting the disease is mainly by poor water and environmental sanitation, including open defecation.
Solution to water pollution Some of the control measures that can help the situation include: 1. Proper Sewage Treatment Most urban regions around the world are served by domestic sewer systems that collect sewer waste to a central collection point for treatment after which it is emptied into lakes, rivers or oceans to undergo biological breakdown. In the developed worlds, the treatment processes have been perfected through well engineered operated systems. However, the systems only clean about 90% of the sewage pollutant load. In some developing countries and poor regions, sewage is dumped directly into water bodies minus undergoing any form of treatment or cleaning. Some urban areas also have sewer overflows while some have leaking sewer systems that directly discharge the contents into water sources. 2. Green Agricultural Practices Agricultural production practices qualify as massive causal agents for water pollution. Sediments are washed off from agricultural lands into lakes, rivers, and oceans causing silt depositions. Farmers can utilize erosion and sediment control methods to limit runoff currents and hold back the soils on their farms. Green agricultural practice techniques like crop rotation, mulching, planting perennial crops, contour plowing, and installing silt fences can minimize the effects. Commercial fertilizers and animal manure applied to agricultural lands contain nitrates and phosphates that are washed off into water bodies. Likewise, pesticides and herbicides have chemical contaminants that are washed into the lakes, rivers, and oceans by storm water. 3. Industrial Waste Water Treatment Industrial facilities generate loads of wastewater containing high concentrations of conventional water pollutants like oil, petroleum hydrocarbons, toxic chemical compounds, heavy metals, and other contaminants such as ammonia. Some power plants also release heated wastewater into water bodies, interfering with the normal water temperatures. Reducing the water pollution effects caused by industries thus, require well-designed treatment and water cooling systems. As much as industries have these specialized waste treatment systems, a good number of industries have poorly maintained systems and some entirely lack quality treatment protocols. The installation of pre-treatment facilities and adoption of quality waste treatment protocols can extensively help to eliminate the toxic contaminants.
4. Anti-pollution Laws and Policies Anti-pollution laws and regulations at local, state and international levels are perfect measures for curtailing water pollution. Laws have always played an excellent role to ensure water pollution levels are kept to the minimum. Environmental protection policies such as the Clean Water Acts work to ensure that anti-pollution laws are effected and apply to all significant waters including ground water. Anti-pollution laws can as well establish measures that put restrictions for top water pollution problems such as sewage and industrial waste treatments and garbage management. These laws should be directed to marketplaces, industries, hospitals, schools, and the local councils. 5. Individual Efforts and Educative Campaigns There are immeasurable ways individuals and groups can take initiative or educate people on the dangers of water pollution. It is always a great starting point as a means of fighting the wider causes of water pollution. Individuals and groups aware of the dangers of water pollution can educate family, friends, and even the society as a whole through joint campaigns and advocacy. Examples include the use of media, institutions, and online educative forums.
AKINYEMI AYOTUNDE JOSEPH F/HD/15/3720074 HND 1 ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
RECENT CASE STUDY OF TYPHOID FEVER IN NIGERIA
Typhoid fever is spread by the faeco-oral route and commonly presents with nonspecific clinical features such as fever, headache, rigors, joint pain, nausea, vomiting, constipation, and diarrhea which are indistinguishable from other causes of fever such as malaria. The presence of clinical symptoms characteristic of typhoid fever or the detection of a specific antibody response is only suggestive of typhoid fever but not definitive. Culture and isolation of S. typhi is the gold standard for the diagnosis of typhoid fever. Blood culture is the most definitive method of diagnosing typhoid fever, especially in the 1st week of infection. About 80-90% of patients are likely to have positive blood cultures during the period of established disease, especially during the 1st week of illness.
In most parts of Africa, Nigeria inclusive, the Widal agglutination test (despite its limitations) is the most common diagnostic tool employed in the diagnosis of typhoid fever because of its relatively cheap cost and the fact that it is easy to perform and requires minimal training and equipment. However, a number of medical practitioners have often raised alarm on the apparently "high rate" of typhoid fever diagnosed in healthcare facilities in Nigeria and other parts of Africa. This apparently "high rate" of typhoid fever may be due to the use and poor interpretation of the Widal test in making a diagnosis of typhoid fever. In view of the apparently "high rate" of typhoid fever, the controversial nature of the Widal agglutination test, and the dearth of studies on the validity of the Widal agglutination test as a diagnostic tool in the University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH), this study was conducted to evaluate the validity of the Widal agglutination test as a diagnostic tool for typhoid fever by comparing it with blood culture (a standard method for diagnosing typhoid fever)
SOLUTION TO WATER POLLUTANT
Dealing with water pollution is something that everyone (including governments and local councils) needs to get involved with. Learning about the issue is the greatest and most important step to take. Here are a few things you can do to help. • Never throw rubbish away anyhow. Always look for the correct waste bin. If there is none around, please take it home and put it in your trash can. This includes places like the beach, riverside and water bodies. • Use water wisely. Do not keep the tap running when not in use. Also, you can reduce the amount of water you use in washing and bathing. If we all do this, we can significantly prevent water shortages and reduce the amount of dirty water that needs treatment. • Do not throw chemicals, oils, paints and medicines down the sink drain, or the toilet. In many cities, your local environment office can help with the disposal of medicines and chemicals. Check with your local authorities if there is a chemical disposal plan for local residents. • Buy more environmentally safe cleaning liquids for use at home and other public places. They are less dangerous to the environment. • If you use chemicals and pesticides for your gardens and farms, be mindful not to overuse pesticides and fertilizers. This will reduce runoffs of the chemical into nearby water sources. Start looking at options of composting and using organic manure instead. • If you live close to a water body, try to plant lots of trees and flowers around your home, so that when it rains, chemicals from your home does not easily drain into the water.
SUBSCRIBE OKAFOR ANDERSON IFEANYI F/HD/15/3720130 ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
RECENT CASE STUDY OF DIAHIRROHEA TYPHOID CHOLERA ASSOCIATED WITH DRINKING POLLUTED AND UNTREATED WATER
Cholera Cholera is an infectious disease that causes severe watery diarrhea, which can lead to dehydration and even death if untreated. It is caused by eating food or drinking water contaminated with a bacterium called Vibrio cholera . Only about 10 cases of cholera are reported each year and half of these are acquired abroad. Rarely, contaminated seafood has caused cholera outbreaks in the U.S. However, cholera outbreaks are still a serious problem in other parts of the world. At least 150,000 cases are reported to the World Health Organization each year The disease is most common in places with poor sanitation, crowding, war, and famine. Common locations include parts of Africa, mostly nigeria
Cholera Causes
Vibrio cholerae, the bacterium that causes cholera, is usually found in food or water contaminated by feces from a person with the infection. Common sources include:
Municipal water supplies Ice made from municipal water Foods and drinks sold by street vendors Vegetables grown with water containing human wastes Raw or undercooked fish and seafood caught in waters polluted with sewage When a person consumes the contaminated food or water, the bacteria release a toxin in the intestines that produces severe diarrhea.
It is not likely you will catch cholera just from casual contact with an infected person.
Cholera Symptoms
Symptoms of cholera can begin as soon as a few hours or as long as five days after infection. Often, symptoms are mild. But sometimes they are very serious. About one in 20 people infected have severe watery diarrhea accompanied by vomiting, which can quickly lead to dehydration. Although many infected people may have minimal or no symptoms, they can still contribute to spread of the infection.
Signs and symptoms of dehydration include:
Rapid heart rate Loss of skin elasticity (the ability to return to original position quickly if pinched) Dry mucous membranes, including the inside of the mouth, throat, nose, and eyelids Low blood pressure Thirst Muscle cramps If not treated, dehydration can lead to shock and death in a matter of hours.
Cholera Treatment and Prevention
Although there is a vaccine against cholera, the CDC and World Health Organization don't normally recommend it, because it may not protect up to half of the people who receive it and it lasts only a few months. However, you can protect yourself and your family by using only water that has been boiled, water that has been chemically disinfected, or bottled water. Be sure to use the bottled, boiled, or chemically disinfected water for the following purposes:
Drinking Preparing food or drinks Making ice Brushing your teeth Washing your face and hands Washing dishes and utensils that you use to eat or prepare food Washing fruits and vegetables
To disinfect your own water, boil it for one minute (or 3 minutes at higher elevations) or filter it and use a commercial chemical disinfectant. You should also avoid raw foods, including the following:
Unpeeled fruits and vegetables Unpasteurized milk and milk products Raw or undercooked meat or shellfish Fish caught in tropical reefs, which may be contaminated If you develop severe, watery diarrhea and vomiting -- particularly after eating raw shellfish or traveling to a country where cholera is epidemic -- seek medical help immediately. Cholera is highly treatable, but because dehydration can happen quickly, it's important to get cholera treatment right away.
Hydration is the mainstay of treatment for cholera. Depending on how severe the diarrhea is, treatment will consist of oral or intravenous solutions to replace lost fluids. Antibiotics, which kill the bacteria, are not part of emergency treatment for mild cases. But they can reduce the duration of diarrhea by half and also reduce the excretion of the bacteria, thus helping to prevent the spread of the disease.
Flooding can potentially increase the transmission of water-borne diseases, such as typhoid fever, cholera, hepatitis A and vector borne diseases such as malaria, dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever, yellow fever and West Nile fever.
water borne diseases
Diarrhea
Water-borne diseases are caused by pathogenic micro-organism which are directly transmitted when contaminated drinking water is consumed. One of the most common disease caused by the consumption of contaminated water is diarrhea. According to the World Health Organization diarrheal disease is responsible for the deaths of 1.8 million people every year. It was estimated that 88% of that burden is attributable to unsafe water supply, poor sanitation and hygiene conditions.
Cholera
Another common disease is cholera. It causes severe diarrhea. When poor sanitation permits faeces from a cholera patient to enter the water supply, the bacteria spread to other people.
Most people infected with V.cholera tend to have mild-to-moderate diarrhea, however, if left untreated, cholera can be one of the most rapidly fatal infectious illnesses known.
In endemic areas, the incidence of cholera is highest in children. It tends to decrease with age due to acquired immunity. In no-endemic areas, cholera prevalence is not age dependent. This reflects that most of the population have no immunity to the bacterium.
The diagnosis of this condition is largely clinical. The mainstay of treatment is rehydration therapy. The mortality in this condition has been reduced to less than 1% through the use of effective and appropriate rehydration therapy. Therapeutic regimes are usually oral, although, in severely dehydrated individuals with features of collapse, intravenous rehydration may be necessary.
Antibiotic treatment helps to eradicate the infection and also decreases the stool output and duration of illness.
Viral Hemorrhagic Fever(VHF)
VHF is a term used to group together a variety of modifiable diseases. The diseases have some features in common, but the diversity of the viruses causing the condition means that there is considerable variety in the clinical presentation.
Symptoms of VHF include
Sudden onset of high fever, chills, headache, muscle and joint pain and conjunctivitis. Gastro-intestinal disturbance including diarrhea, nausea and vomiting and anorexia. Some conditions involve the central nervous system resulting in delirium and drowsiness which may progress to coma. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive. In the event of renal failure, peritoneal dialysis is indicated. In bleeding, blood transfusion, platelets and fresh frozen plasma is indicated.
Typhoid
People with typhoid fever typically have several symptoms including a sustained fever as 104 degree. They may also feel weak, or have gastro-enteritis, headache, diarrhea and loss of appetite. In some cases, patients have a rash of flat, rose-colored spots. The only way to know for sure if an illness is typhoid fever is to have samples of stool or blood tested for the presence of S.typhi.
Classically, the course of untreated typhoid fever is divided into 4 individual stages, each lasting approximately one week.
In the first week, there is a slowly rising temperature with relative bradycardia, malaise, headache and cough.
Typhoid fever, in most cases, is not fatal. Antibiotics is used to treat it in developed countries. Prompt treatment of the disease with antibiotics reduces the case-fatality rate to approximately 1%.
Dysentery
It is the term for painful straining to pass stool, cramping and frequent, small-volume severe diarrhea associated with blood in the faeces. Fever and fatigue are commonly noted.
In adults, dysentery caused by bacteria usually subsides spontaneously. But in children, and other vulnerable groups, the condition can be treated with antibiotics.
Chlorination of water Vaccination against hepatitis A use of insecticides. Early detection of disease. Free medical care. Health education. Promotion good hygienic practices. Long term measures
Creation of disaster preparedness programs and early warning systems. Improvement of surveillance on a local, national, international and global level. Promotion of tap-water quality regulation and monitoring. Enforcement of high standards of hygiene. Improvement of water treatment and sanitation. Keeping infectious disease control programs active and efficient. Advertisements
Cholera is severe water-born infectious disease caused by the bacterium vibrio cholerae. In 2005, 131,943 cases including 2,272 deaths have notified from 52 countries. The year was marked by a particular significant series of outbreaks in West Africa, which affected 14 countries and accounted for 58% of all cholera cases world-wide (WHO 2006). In the same year Nigeria had 4,477 cases and 174 deaths. There was reported case of cholera in 2008 in Nigeria in which 429 death out of 6,330 cases. More so, 2,304 cases in Niger State in which 114 were reported death in 2008 (NBS 2009).
Diarrhea is an important cause of disease and death among children in developing countries (20). Adult visitors to tropical developing countries frequently experience traveler's diarrhea, caused by agents that are endemic in those countries but to which visitors have not had the opportunity to develop protective immunity (36). Adult residents of developing countries are less likely to have sporadic diarrhea, and when it occurs, it is unlikely to be life threatening. Therefore, diarrheal pathogens in adults residing in developing countries have been the subject of few investigations, and very little is known about the etiologic epidemiology of pathogens other than epidemic Vibrio cholerae and Shigella. Sporadic endemic diarrhea in adults, however, contributes to the loss of productivity in developing countries and increases the risk that pathogens will be passed to susceptible children or visitors. When such infections do occur, they are often treated empirically, even though very little is known about the etiologic agents in this population; and in many cases, they prompt self-medication with antibiotics, which are often available without prescription (33). We conducted a case-control study over an 11-week period to determine the causes of diarrhea among adults visiting the outpatient clinic of a hospital in the town of Ile-Ife in southwest Nigeria.
2. Case study of typhoid in Nigeria
Typhoid fever, dysentery kill 13 in AbujaBy Daily Post Staff on February 23, 2016@dailypostngr
health
Dr Rilwanu Muhammad, the Executive Secretary, FCT Primary Health Care Development Board, said unknown disease suspected to be typhoid fever or shigella dysentery had killed 13 people in Saburi community of AMAC in Abuja.
Muhammad told the News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) in Abuja on Tuesday that the disease broke out on Feb. 18.
He said 13 out of 14 affected people died while a five-year-old child survived the outbreak as at Feb. 22, 2016.
The scribe said the victims of the disease are not from a single household.
According to him, the victims are experiencing fever, abdominal pain and diarrhoea, and sometimes bloody diarrhoea and they subsequently die.
“There is no good sanitation in the community and we suspect salmonella typhi and shigella dysentery in that community.
Cholera is a highly contagious water-borne bacterial disease which causes acute watery diarrhoea and vomiting. It can quickly lead to rapid dehydration and death if untreated, particularly in malnourished children and people with underlying medical conditions. Treatment involves safe fluid and salt replacement using oral rehydration salts and, in severe cases, intravenous fluids are required alongside appropriate treatment with antibiotics. Cholera is mainly transmitted through contaminated water and food and is closely linked to inadequate sanitation, particularly in overcrowded conditions. Careful food and water hygiene along with regular hand washing are key factors which help to control the spread of the disease.
Travellers and international workers’ risk of contracting cholera is low as long as simple preventative measures are followed.
Nigeria reported an outbreak of cholera in May 2013. Since then and up until 12 October 2014, a total of 40,608 suspected cholera cases have been reported. There have been 898 deaths, giving a Case Fatality Rate (CFR) of 1.95%.
The outbreak has experienced a strong upsurge since early 2014, with more than 34,000 suspected cases and 664 deaths reported from January 2014 to 12 October 2014. Suspected cholera cases were recorded in 19 of the country’s 37 states (51%). The states affected include: Bauchi, Borno, Adamawa, Katsina, Kebbi, Kaduna, Kano, Plateau and Zamfara
The first cholera outbreak in Nigeria occurred in the late 1960s. Since then, the country has experienced a number of outbreaks of the disease.
Between 2010 and 2013, Nigeria reported over 70,000 cases and almost 3,000 deaths from suspected and confirmed cholera.
Cholera cases were reported in Bauchi state in north-east Nigeria in January 2014. Around 15,500 people are estimated to have contracted cholera in the state.
Cholera cases were first reported in Borno state in north-east Nigeria at the end of September 2014. Healthcare services and transport are severely limited in this remote state. Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) is responding to the outbreak and have recently reported 4,500 cases and 70 deaths in Maiduguri, the state capital. Cases are continuing to rise.
The World Health Organisation (WHO) is continuing to support the Ministry of Health and the health authorities in Local Government Areas (LGAs) as they respond to the outbreak.
There is no easy way to solve water pollution; if there were, it wouldn't be so much of a problem. Broadly speaking, there are three different things that can help to tackle the problem—education, laws, and economics—and they work together as a team.
Education
Making people aware of the problem is the first step to solving it. In the early 1990s, when surfers in Britain grew tired of catching illnesses from water polluted with sewage, they formed a group called Surfers Against Sewage to force governments and water companies to clean up their act. People who've grown tired of walking the world's polluted beaches often band together to organize community beach-cleaning sessions. Anglers who no longer catch so many fish have campaigned for tougher penalties against factories that pour pollution into our rivers. Greater public awareness can make a positive difference.
Laws
One of the biggest problems with water pollution is its transboundary nature. Many rivers cross countries, while seas span whole continents. Pollution discharged by factories in one country with poor environmental standards can cause problems in neighboring nations, even when they have tougher laws and higher standards. Environmental laws can make it tougher for people to pollute, but to be really effective they have to operate across national and international borders. This is why we have international laws governing the oceans, such as the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (signed by over 120 nations), the 1972 London (Dumping) Convention, the 1978 MARPOL International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, and the 1998 OSPAR Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North East Atlantic. The European Union has water-protection laws (known as directives) that apply to all of its member states. They include the 1976 Bathing Water Directive (updated 2006), which seeks to ensure the quality of the waters that people use for recreation. Most countries also have their own water pollution laws. In the United States, for example, there is the 1972 Clean Water Act and the 1974 Safe Drinking Water Act.
Economics
Most environmental experts agree that the best way to tackle pollution is through something called the polluter pays principle. This means that whoever causes pollution should have to pay to clean it up, one way or another. Polluter pays can operate in all kinds of ways. It could mean that tanker owners should have to take out insurance that covers the cost of oil spill cleanups, for example. It could also mean that shoppers should have to pay for their plastic grocery bags, as is now common in Ireland, to encourage recycling and minimize waste. Or it could mean that factories that use rivers must have their water inlet pipes downstream of their effluent outflow pipes, so if they cause pollution they themselves are the first people to suffer. Ultimately, the polluter pays principle is designed to deter people from polluting by making it less expensive for them to behave in an environmentally responsible way.
Our clean future
Life is ultimately about choices—and so is pollution. We can live with sewage-strewn beaches, dead rivers, and fish that are too poisonous to eat. Or we can work together to keep the environment clean so the plants, animals, and people who depend on it remain healthy. We can take individual action to help reduce water pollution, for example, by using environmentally friendly detergents, not pouring oil down drains, reducing pesticides, and so on. We can take community action too, by helping out on beach cleans or litter picks to keep our rivers and seas that little bit cleaner. And we can take action as countries and continents to pass laws that will make pollution harder and the world less polluted. Working together, we can make pollution less of a problem—and the world a better place.
LAGOS—THE Lagos State Government, yesterday, disclosed that 45 cases of cholera disease has been recorded in Isolo Local Council Development Area, LCDA, of the state, with six deaths already recorded.Giving update on the outbreak, at a press conference in Lagos, the State Commissioner for Health, Dr. Jide Idris explained that out of the six cases, two were brought in dead.He added that 36 cases have been successfully managed in various hospitals across the state while four people are currently responding to treatment.According to the commissioner, the main source of the outbreak has been traced to local consumption of Salad calledAbacha,a staple food of the residents of Isolo council area.His words: “Some domestic wells within the communitiesare also suspected. Sample ofAbachasalad and well water have been collected and sent to the Lagos State Drug Quality Control Laboratory for analysis.“Samples were collected from 15 cases and taken to the central public health laboratory, Yaba. There were no growths, however continuous culture yieldedVibro choleraefrom 7 out of 15 samples. The Vibro cholera was late confirmed to beOgawastrain.”The Health Commissioner pointed out that “the report of the analysis revealed the presence of vibro cholerae,Salmonella species and E. Coliinabachaand one of thetwo well water samples.”He explained that 26 cases of the disease were managedat Isolo General Hospital and Lagos Mainland Hospital, 22 have been discharged, one died while three are still on admission at Lagos MainlandHospital.“All the three cases are still on admission and in stable conditions. 17 of the cases were managed at private health facilities in Isolo. Out of the 17cases three died. Ughonu Rhema chinwe F/HD/15/3720034
GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION. The health commissioner said, “Lagosians should endeavour to wash their hands with soap and water frequently and thoroughly, especially after using the rest room. Boil water before drinking, especially if you are not sure of the source of water.”He also appealed to Lagosians to stop open defecation, which has been linked to outbreak of cholera and diarrhoea. UGHONU RHEMA CHINWE F/HD/15/3720034
Viral intestinal infections are the most common cause of acute infectious diarrhea in the pediatric population. Viral enteropathogens are important causes of childhood gastroenteritis in both developed and developing countries [1,2].. The commonest etiological agents include rotavirus, astrovirus, adenovirus and norovirus, with differences in [3,4]. prevalence depending on environmental, geographical or socio-economic factors Globally, these viruses are responsible for diarrhea episodes in hospitalized children with variations in detection rates [5,6,7]. These four major families cause enteric childhood disease which affects children worldwide within the first few years of life regardless level of hygiene, quality of water, food or sanitation [8]. Viral infections damage small bowel enterocytes and cause low grade fever and watery diarrhea without blood. Viral intestinal infections account for approximately 70% of episodes of acute infectious diarrhea in children. However, about 40% of cases of acute diarrheal illness in the first 5 years of life are caused by rotaviruses, while a further 30% are caused by other viruses, mainly adenoviruses [9,10]. noroviruses and In Nigeria, some studies on viral diarrhea have been conducted to show the role of viral agents in childhood diarrhea. However, different prevalence rates have been reported in the different studies. The incidence of rotavirus reported include 33.3% in Lagos [11], and 13.8% in Benin City [12]. Adenovirus include 6.7% in Lagos [11] and 23% in Northwestern Nigeria [13]. The incidence of norovirus reported in Lagos by Ayolabi et al. [14] was 32.5%. In many developing countries including Nigeria, data on viral enteropathogens are limited especially with respect to the pediatric population. This may be due to the fact that diagnostic tests for these viruses are not routinely carried out in most Nigerian hospitals and as a result, many important viral pathogens of interest are missed out (i.e unidentified). This previous situation makes it difficult to collect data as regards viral diarrhea and implementation of control strategy to combat the disease becomes difficult to carry out. Against this background, this study was carried out to ascertain the prevalence rates of viral enteropathogens (rotavirus, adenovirus and norovirus) as causative agents of viral diarrhea among children attending Central hospital, Benin City, Nigeria. This work is also aimed at assessing the relationship between feeding patterns and viral diarrhea, as well as the effects of some variables on viral diarrhea. 2. PATIENTS AND METHODS Study location and population: This study was carried out at Central hospital, Benin City, Nigeria. It is a secondary health care center and it is located in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. It attends to all medical cases as well as referral cases from primary health care centers. A total of two hundred and thirteen (213) stool specimens were collected from children who were 0 to 24 months of age, comprising 168 children with clinical symptoms of diarrhea made up of 91 males and 77 females, and 45 apparently healthy age matched children without diarrhea made up of 28 males and 18 females The patients and control subjects were residing in the same locality as at the time of this study. The inclusion criteria used in this study were children from birth to two years of age who were clinically diagnosed as having diarrhea, with the passage of watery stools 3 times or more within a 24 hour period. The population studied was made up of children with acute diarrhea (less than 2 weeks). Feeding patterns were also considered during this study,exclusive breastfeeding was from birth to six month of age while mixinng feeding and solid feeding were not age dependent the study was carried between 2011-dec.2012. F/HD/3720017
Solutions for the Water Pollution 1. More strict environmental laws and rules for the population. 2. More strict environmental laws and rules for the industry companies. 3. Implement mandatory environmental education in the elementary/junior/ high school and teach to the students about the effects caused for the water pollution. 4. Make industry companies commit to protect the environment through more strict national and international commerce politics. 5. Improve and build more sanitary infrastructure where it is needed. 6. Support the recycling initiatives. 7. Forbid plastic bags in supermarkets. 8. Legal penalties for people who throw garbage away water sources. 9. Regulate the amounts of fertilizers used in agriculture. 10. Support the biodegradable materials production industry. 11. Production of less-pollutant detergents and soaps. 12. Avoid to build water reservoirs in the lowest zones of the watershed. 13. Force industrial companies to manage appropriate waste programs. 14. Reduce the mining activity. 15. Don't let operate crude oil companies without a previous process of examination of its operation plan
Name:LAWSON AYOOLA RUTH Matric no.:P/ND/13/3710350 Course:ECOLOGY (STB 222) Assignment 1:LIST GREEN HOUSE GASES SOLUTION: A greenhouse gas is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range. Green house gases in earth's atmosphere are. 1.carbon dioxide(CO2) 2.Ozone(O3) 3.Methane(ch4) 4.Nitrous Oxide(N2O
Assignment 2 :List the organisms that lives in profundal zone. SOLUTION: Profundal zone is the deepest part of a body of water because light does not penetrate into it, photosynthesis does not occur there. 1.Mollusks 2.Crabs 3.Sea Urchins 4.Crustaceans 5.Annelid works
Name Janet john. E. Matric p/nd/13/3710212 Assignment1 list green house gases 1 methane CH4 2 ozone O3 3 water vapour H2O 4 nitrous oxide N2O 5 fluorinated ethers (HFE_125) 6 carbon dioxide CO2
Assignment 2 5 organisms that live in Profundal Zone 1 leeches 2 sea orchins 3 star brittle 4small clams 5crabs
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STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE A standard operating procedure is a set of step-by-step instructions compiled by an organization to help workers carry out routine operations. SOPs aim to achieve efficiency, quality output and uniformity of performance, while reducing miscommunication and failure to comply with industry regulations. LIST OF WATER QUALITY INDICATOR The following is a list of indicators often measured by situational category: • Alkalinity • Colour of water • pH • Taste and odour (geosmin, 2-Methylisoborneol (MIB), etc.) • Dissolved metals and salts (sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, manganese, magnesium) • Microorganisms such as faecal coliform bacteria (Escherichia coli), Cryptosporidium, and Giardia lamblia; Bacteriological water analysis • Dissolved metals and metalloids (lead, mercury, arsenic, etc.) • Dissolved organics: colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) • Radon • Heavy metals • Pharmaceuticals • Hormone analogs WATER CYCLE The water cycle, also known as the hydrological cycle or the H2O cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth. The mass of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time but the partitioning of the water into the major reservoirs of ice, fresh water, saline water and atmospheric water is variable depending on a wide range of climatic variables. The water moves from one reservoir to another, such as from river to ocean, or from the ocean to the atmosphere, by the physical processes of evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, surface runoff, and subsurface flow. In doing so, the water goes through different phases: liquid, solid (ice) and vapor. The water cycle involves the exchange of energy, which leads to temperature changes. For instance, when water evaporates, it takes up energy from its surroundings and cools the environment. When it condenses, it releases energy and warms the environment. These heat exchanges influence climate. The evaporative phase of the cycle purifies water which then replenishes the land with freshwater. The flow of liquid water and ice transports minerals across the globe. It is also involved in reshaping the geological features of the Earth, through processes including erosion and sedimentation. The water cycle is also essential for the maintenance of most life and ecosystems on the planet.
PORTABLE WATER Drinking water, also known as potable water or improved drinking water, is water that is safe to drink or to use for food preparation, without risk of health problems. Globally, in 2012, 89% of people had access to water suitable for drinking. Nearly 4 billion had access to tap water while another 2.3 billion had access to wells or public taps. 1.8 billion people still use an unsafe drinking water source which may be contaminated by faeces. This can result in infectious diarrhoea such as cholera and typhoid among others. Water is essential for life. The amount of drinking water required is variable. It depends on physical activity, age, health issues, and environmental conditions. For those working in a hot climate, up to 16 litres a day may be required. Water makes up about 60% of weight in men and 55% of weight in women. Infants are about 70% to 80%. WHO STANDARD ON POTABLE WATER
WHO standard for potablewater The following parametric standards are included in the Drinking Water Directive and are expected to be enforced by appropriate legislation in every country in the European Union. Simple parametric values are reproduced here, but in many cases the original directive also provides caveats and notes about many of the values given.
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE A standard operating procedure is a set of step-by-step instructions compiled by an organization to help workers carry out routine operations. SOPs aim to achieve efficiency, quality output and uniformity of performance, while reducing miscommunication and failure to comply with industry regulations. LIST OF WATER QUALITY INDICATOR The following is a list of indicators often measured by situational category: • Alkalinity • Colour of water • pH • Taste and odour (geosmin, 2-Methylisoborneol (MIB), etc.) • Dissolved metals and salts (sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, manganese, magnesium) • Microorganisms such as faecal coliform bacteria (Escherichia coli), Cryptosporidium, and Giardia lamblia; Bacteriological water analysis • Dissolved metals and metalloids (lead, mercury, arsenic, etc.) • Dissolved organics: colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) • Radon • Heavy metals • Pharmaceuticals • Hormone analogs WATER CYCLE The water cycle, also known as the hydrological cycle or the H2O cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth. The mass of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time but the partitioning of the water into the major reservoirs of ice, fresh water, saline water and atmospheric water is variable depending on a wide range of climatic variables. The water moves from one reservoir to another, such as from river to ocean, or from the ocean to the atmosphere, by the physical processes of evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, surface runoff, and subsurface flow. In doing so, the water goes through different phases: liquid, solid (ice) and vapor. The water cycle involves the exchange of energy, which leads to temperature changes. For instance, when water evaporates, it takes up energy from its surroundings and cools the environment. When it condenses, it releases energy and warms the environment. These heat exchanges influence climate. The evaporative phase of the cycle purifies water which then replenishes the land with freshwater. The flow of liquid water and ice transports minerals across the globe. It is also involved in reshaping the geological features of the Earth, through processes including erosion and sedimentation. The water cycle is also essential for the maintenance of most life and ecosystems on the planet.
PORTABLE WATER Drinking water, also known as potable water or improved drinking water, is water that is safe to drink or to use for food preparation, without risk of health problems. Globally, in 2012, 89% of people had access to water suitable for drinking. Nearly 4 billion had access to tap water while another 2.3 billion had access to wells or public taps. 1.8 billion people still use an unsafe drinking water source which may be contaminated by faeces. This can result in infectious diarrhoea such as cholera and typhoid among others. Water is essential for life. The amount of drinking water required is variable. It depends on physical activity, age, health issues, and environmental conditions. For those working in a hot climate, up to 16 litres a day may be required. Water makes up about 60% of weight in men and 55% of weight in women. Infants are about 70% to 80%. WHO STANDARD ON POTABLE WATER
WHO standard for potablewater The following parametric standards are included in the Drinking Water Directive and are expected to be enforced by appropriate legislation in every country in the European Union. Simple parametric values are reproduced here, but in many cases the original directive also provides caveats and notes about many of the values given.
Recent case study of cholera disease in Nigeria; community and local government
The Lagos State Government disclosed that 45 cases of cholera disease has been recorded in Isolo Local Council Development Area, LCDA, of the state, with six deaths already recorded. Giving update on the outbreak, at a press conference in Lagos, the State Commissioner for Health, Dr. Jide Idris explained that out of the six cases, two were brought in dead. He added that 36 cases have been successfully managed in various hospitals across the state while four people are currently responding to treatment. According to the commissioner, the main source of the outbreak has been traced to local consumption of Salad called Abacha, a staple food of the residents of Isolo council area. His words: “Some domestic wells within the communities are also suspected. Sample of Abacha salad and well water have been collected and sent to the Lagos State Drug Quality Control Laboratory for analysis. “Samples were collected from 15 cases and taken to the central public health laboratory, Yaba. The risk of contracting the disease is mainly by poor water and environmental sanitation, including open defecation.
A. List conventions that protects the beaches in lagos (Acts and Laws).
1. Public Health Act, 1917 2. Water Works Act, 1915 3. FEPA Act 1988, NESRA Act 2007 4. Petroleum Act, 1968 5. Oil in Navigable Water Act of 1968 6. Lagos State Environmental Pollution Control Edict of 1991
B. British Petroleum(Oil spill) stating the gravity, year of occurence, and control.
Gravity: In the BP oil spill, more than 200 million gallons of crude oil was pumped into the Gulf of Mexico for a total of 87days, making it the biggest oil spill in US history. 16000 total miles of coastline have been affected including the coast of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Florida.
Year of Occurence: April 20, 2016. Damages: The initial oil rig explosion killed 11 people and injured 17others. Over 8,000 animals (birds, turtles, mammals) were reported dead just 6months after the spill. Control: Responders used 5.5 feet of boom, a barrier placed in water, to collect and absorb oil.
Diarrhea Outbreak In Lagos Sep 23, 2016 Lagos State government, Thursday, raised the alarm over an outbreak of diarrhea in the state even as it disclosed that 45 cases have been recorded in Isolo Local Council Development Area (LCDA), with six deaths already recorded.
Giving update on the outbreak at press conference in Lagos, the State Commissioner for Health, Dr. Jide Idris explained that out of the six cases, two were brought in dead.
Idris added that 36 cases have been successfully managed in various hospitals across the state, while four people are currently responding to treatment.
He said: “The Ministry was notified of an upsurge of diarrhea diseases in some communities in Isolo LCDA. Following this, 45 cases were line-listed by the Epidemiology Unit of the Ministry. Six deaths were recorded among the 45 cases. Majority of the cases did not present with the classical rice-water stool, rather they presented with a typical diarrhea and vomiting.
According to the State health ministry boss, the main source of the outbreak has been traced to local consumption of salad called Abacha, a staple food of the residents of Isolo Local Government Area.
LAGOS STATE GOVERNMENT GUIDELINES FOR DREDGING ACTIVITIES (BEACHES)
According to documents circulated by the Lagos State Ministry of Waterfront Infrastructure Development, Engineering Department, the following are the guidelines for the registration of dredgers. tThe dredging industry has been segmented into three categories: category A - dredging firms only; category B – dredging / sand sellers only; and category C – manual dredgers only.
Category A – Dredging Firms Only
Application for dredging addressed to the Honourable Commissioner Ministry of Waterfront Infrastructure Development. Payment of application fee of N50,000 [fifty thousand Naira only] Provide detailed description of proposed dredging location. Provide of the Enviromental Impact Analsis Report. Provide Hydrographic survey. Bathymetric survey of the proposed location. Copies of current tax clearance certificate.
BRITISH PETROLEUM OIL SPILL YEAR OF OCCURRENCE The Deepwater Horizon oil spill (also referred to as the BP oil spill, the BP oil disaster, the Gulf of Mexico oil spill, and the Macondo blowout) began on April 20, 2010, in the Gulf of Mexico on the BP-operated Macondo Prospect.
HOW IT HAPPENED the Horizon disaster resulted from many human and technical failings in a risk-taking corporation that operated in an industry with ineffective regulatory oversight. By the time the blowout came, it was almost inevitable. "It's clear that the problem is not technology, but people. LOSSES Eleven people went missing and were never found. The US Government estimated the total discharge at 4.9 million barrels (210 million US gal; 780,000 m3).
EFFECTS Effects on Wildlife
Striped dolphins swim among emulsified oil patches on April 29, 2010 in the Gulf of Mexico, a few days after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. There were some immediate impacts to the animals of the Gulf of Mexico that could be seen with the naked eye: pelicans black with oil, fish belly-up in brown sludge, smothered turtles washed up on beaches. But not much time has passed since the spill, and it will take many more years of monitoring and research to understand what happened. Strandings of both dolphins and sea turtles increased significantly in the years following the spill. "From 2002 to 2009, the Gulf averaged 63 dolphin deaths a year. That rose to 125 in the seven months after the spill in 2010 and 335 in all of 2011, averaging more than 200 a year since April 2010,"
CONTROL After several failed efforts to contain the flow, the well was declared sealed on September 19, 2010.[10] Reports in early 2012 indicated the well site was still leaking. The most basic method of clean up is to control the spread of the oil using physical barriers. When oil spills in water, it tends to float to the surface and spread out, forming a thin slick just a few millimeters thick. (A very thin slick is called a sheen, which often looks like a rainbow and can be seen in parking lots after a rainstorm.) Cleanup workers first surround the slick with floating booms to keep it from spreading to harbors, beaches or biologically important areas like marshes. A massive response ensued to protect beaches, wetlands and estuaries from the spreading oil utilizing skimmer ships, floating booms, controlled burns and 1.84 million US gallons (7,000 m3) of Corexit oil dispersant.
ATERE OLAYINKA HND I [ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY] F/HD/15/3720009
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what is standard operating procedure?
ReplyDeleteA written method of controlling a practice in accordance with predetermined specifications to obtain a desired outcome. SOPs are written steps to explain good manufacturing practices (GMP), plant safety routines, financial controls to secure assets, or IT security measures that employees are to follow. SOPs are step by step procedures on how to do something that is critical to quality, critical to safe operations.
2. list water quality indicators
Algal bloom
Anoxic event
Average Score Per Taxon
Bacteriological water analysis
Biochemical oxygen demand
Bioindicator
Biological monitoring working party
Carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand
Chemical oxygen demand
Coliform bacteria
Coliform index
Color of water
Colored dissolved organic matter
Conventional pollutant
Temperature
Heavy metal
Industrial chemical
Alkalinity
Dissolved oxygen
3. what is water cycle
The water cycle, also hydrological cycle or the H2 O cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth . The mass of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time but the partitioning of the water into the major reservoirs of ice, fresh water , saline water and atmospheric water is variable depending on a wide range of climatic variables . The water moves from one reservoir to another, such as from river to ocean , or from the ocean to the atmosphere, by the physical processes of evaporation , condensation , precipitation ,
infiltration , surface runoff, and subsurface flow. In doing so, the water goes through different phases: liquid, solid ( ice ) and vapor .
The water cycle involves the exchange of energy, which leads to temperature changes. For instance, when water evaporates, it takes up energy from its surroundings and cools the environment. When it condenses, it releases energy and warms the environment. These heat exchanges influence climate .
The evaporative phase of the cycle purifies water which then replenishes the land with freshwater. The flow of liquid water and ice transports minerals across the globe. It is also involved in reshaping the geological features of the Earth, through processes including erosion and sedimentation. The water cycle is also essential for the maintenance of most life and ecosystems on the planet.
4. What is potable water
Potable water is water which is fit for consumption by humans and other animals. It is also called drinking water, in a reference to its intended use. Water may be naturally potable, as is the case with pristine springs, or it may need to be treated in order to be safe. In either instance, the safety of water is assessed with tests which look for potentially harmful contaminants.
5 WHO standard for potable water
The following parametric standards are included in the Drinking Water Directive and are expected to be enforced by appropriate legislation in every country in the European Union. Simple parametric values are reproduced here, but in many cases the original directive also provides caveats and notes about many of the values given.
Acrylamide 0.10 μg/l
Antimony 5.0 μg/l
Arsenic 10 μg/l
Benzene 1.0 μg/l
Benzo(a)pyrene 0.010 μg/l
Boron 1.0 mg/l
Bromate 10 μg/l
Cadmium 5.0 μg/l
Chromium 50 μg/l
Copper 2.0 mg/l
Cyanide 50 μg/l
1,2-dichloroethane 3.0 μg/l
Epichlorohydrin 0.10 μg/l
Fluoride 1.5 mg/l
Lead 10 μg/l
Mercury 1.0 μg/l
Nickel 20 μg/l
Nitrate 50 mg
Mercury 1.0 μg/l
Nickel 20 μg/l
Nitrate 50 mg/l
Nitrite 0.50 mg/l
Pesticides 0.10 μg/l
Pesticides - Total 0.50 μg/l
ABIKOYE IFEOLUWA OLUWABUNMI
F/HD/3720092
Environmental biology
HND1
This comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeletewhat is standard operating procedure?
ReplyDeleteAn SOP is a procedure specific to your operation that describes the activities necessary to complete tasks in accordance with industry regulations, provincial laws or even just your own standards for running your business. Any document that is a “how to” falls into the category of procedures. In a manufacturing environment, the most obvious example of an SOP is the step by step production line procedures used to make products as well train staff.
2. list water quality indicators
Visual test
Nitrate
Escherichia coli
Dissolved oxygen
Transparency
PH
Conventional pollutant
Temperature
Heavy metal
Industrial chemical
Alkalinity
Dissolved oxygen
3. what is water cycle
The water cycle involves the exchange of energy, which leads to temperature changes. For instance, when water evaporates, it takes up energy from its surroundings and cools the environment. When it condenses, it releases energy and warms the environment. These heat exchanges influence climate.
The evaporative phase of the cycle purifies water which then replenishes the land with freshwater. The flow of liquid water and ice transports minerals across the globe. It is also involved in reshaping the geological features of the Earth, through processes including erosion and sedimentation. The water cycle is also essential for the maintenance of most life and ecosystems on the planet.
4. What is potable water
Potable water has been filtered, cleaned, or treated to meet the standards for drinking water, meaning that it is reasonably clear of contaminants and harmful bacteria. This makes the water safe for drinking and cooking. Water purified via reverse osmosis, distilled, or UV filtered and water treated within municipal water systems all qualify as potable water.
5 WHO standard for potable water
The following parametric standards are included in the Drinking Water Directive and are expected to be enforced by appropriate legislation in every country in the European Union. Simple parametric values are reproduced here, but in many cases the original directive also provides caveats and notes about many of the values given.
Acrylamide 0.10 μg/l
Antimony 5.0 μg/l
Arsenic 10 μg/l
Benzene 1.0 μg/l
Benzo(a)pyrene 0.010 μg/l
Boron 1.0 mg/l
Bromate 10 μg/l
Cadmium 5.0 μg/l
Chromium 50 μg/l
Copper 2.0 mg/l
Cyanide 50 μg/l
1,2-dichloroethane 3.0 μg/l
Epichlorohydrin 0.10 μg/l
Fluoride 1.5 mg/l
Lead 10 μg/l
Mercury 1.0 μg/l
Nickel 20 μg/l
Nitrate 50 mg
Mercury 1.0 μg/l
Nickel 20 μg/l
Nitrate 50 mg/l
Nitrite 0.50 mg/l
Pesticides 0.10 μg/l
Pesticides - Total 0.50 μg/l
AREGBESOLA OLUWAFEMI SUNDAY
F/HD/15/370015
Environmental biology
HND1
Recent case study of cholera disease in Nigeria; community and local government
ReplyDeleteThe Lagos State Government disclosed that 45 cases of cholera disease has been recorded in Isolo Local Council Development Area, LCDA, of the state, with six deaths already recorded. Giving update on the outbreak, at a press conference in Lagos, the State Commissioner for Health, Dr. Jide Idris explained that out of the six cases, two were brought in dead. He added that 36 cases have been successfully managed in various hospitals across the state while four people are currently responding to treatment. According to the commissioner, the main source of the outbreak has been traced to local consumption of Salad called Abacha, a staple food of the residents of Isolo council area. His words: “Some domestic wells within the communities are also suspected. Sample of Abacha salad and well water have been collected and sent to the Lagos State Drug Quality Control Laboratory for analysis. “Samples were collected from 15 cases and taken to the central public health laboratory, Yaba. The risk of contracting the disease is mainly by poor water and environmental sanitation, including open defecation.
AREGBESOLA OLUWAFEMI SUNDAY
F/HD/15/370015
Environmental biology
HND1
ReplyDeleteSolution to water pollution
Some of the control measures that can help the situation include:
1. Proper Sewage Treatment
Most urban regions around the world are served by domestic sewer systems that collect sewer waste to a central collection point for treatment after which it is emptied into lakes, rivers or oceans to undergo biological breakdown.
In the developed worlds, the treatment processes have been perfected through well engineered operated systems. However, the systems only clean about 90% of the sewage pollutant load.
In some developing countries and poor regions, sewage is dumped directly into water bodies minus undergoing any form of treatment or cleaning. Some urban areas also have sewer overflows while some have leaking sewer systems that directly discharge the contents into water sources.
2. Green Agricultural Practices
Agricultural production practices qualify as massive causal agents for water pollution. Sediments are washed off from agricultural lands into lakes, rivers, and oceans causing silt depositions. Farmers can utilize erosion and sediment control methods to limit runoff currents and hold back the soils on their farms.
Green agricultural practice techniques like crop rotation, mulching, planting perennial crops, contour plowing, and installing silt fences can minimize the effects. Commercial fertilizers and animal manure applied to agricultural lands contain nitrates and phosphates that are washed off into water bodies. Likewise, pesticides and herbicides have chemical contaminants that are washed into the lakes, rivers, and oceans by storm water.
3. Industrial Waste Water Treatment
Industrial facilities generate loads of wastewater containing high concentrations of conventional water pollutants like oil, petroleum hydrocarbons, toxic chemical compounds, heavy metals, and other contaminants such as ammonia. Some power plants also release heated wastewater into water bodies, interfering with the normal water temperatures.
Reducing the water pollution effects caused by industries thus, require well-designed treatment and water cooling systems. As much as industries have these specialized waste treatment systems, a good number of industries have poorly maintained systems and some entirely lack quality treatment protocols. The installation of pre-treatment facilities and adoption of quality waste treatment protocols can extensively help to eliminate the toxic contaminants.
4. Anti-pollution Laws and Policies
Anti-pollution laws and regulations at local, state and international levels are perfect measures for curtailing water pollution. Laws have always played an excellent role to ensure water pollution levels are kept to the minimum. Environmental protection policies such as the Clean Water Acts work to ensure that anti-pollution laws are effected and apply to all significant waters including ground water.
Anti-pollution laws can as well establish measures that put restrictions for top water pollution problems such as sewage and industrial waste treatments and garbage management. These laws should be directed to marketplaces, industries, hospitals, schools, and the local councils.
5. Individual Efforts and Educative Campaigns
There are immeasurable ways individuals and groups can take initiative or educate people on the dangers of water pollution. It is always a great starting point as a means of fighting the wider causes of water pollution. Individuals and groups aware of the dangers of water pollution can educate family, friends, and even the society as a whole through joint campaigns and advocacy. Examples include the use of media, institutions, and online educative forums.
AREGBESOLA OLUWAFEMI SUNDAY
F/HD/15/370015
Environmental biology
HND1
AKINYEMI AYOTUNDE JOSEPH
ReplyDeleteF/HD/15/3720074
HND 1 ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
RECENT CASE STUDY OF TYPHOID FEVER IN NIGERIA
Typhoid fever is spread by the faeco-oral route and commonly presents with nonspecific clinical features such as fever, headache, rigors, joint pain, nausea, vomiting, constipation, and diarrhea which are indistinguishable from other causes of fever such as malaria. The presence of clinical symptoms characteristic of typhoid fever or the detection of a specific antibody response is only suggestive of typhoid fever but not definitive. Culture and isolation of S. typhi is the gold standard for the diagnosis of typhoid fever. Blood culture is the most definitive method of diagnosing typhoid fever, especially in the 1st week of infection. About 80-90% of patients are likely to have positive blood cultures during the period of established disease, especially during the 1st week of illness.
In most parts of Africa, Nigeria inclusive, the Widal agglutination test (despite its limitations) is the most common diagnostic tool employed in the diagnosis of typhoid fever because of its relatively cheap cost and the fact that it is easy to perform and requires minimal training and equipment. However, a number of medical practitioners have often raised alarm on the apparently "high rate" of typhoid fever diagnosed in healthcare facilities in Nigeria and other parts of Africa.
This apparently "high rate" of typhoid fever may be due to the use and poor interpretation of the Widal test in making a diagnosis of typhoid fever.
In view of the apparently "high rate" of typhoid fever, the controversial nature of the Widal agglutination test, and the dearth of studies on the validity of the Widal agglutination test as a diagnostic tool in the University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH), this study was conducted to evaluate the validity of the Widal agglutination test as a diagnostic tool for typhoid fever by comparing it with blood culture (a standard method for diagnosing typhoid fever)
SOLUTION TO WATER POLLUTANT
Dealing with water pollution is something that everyone (including governments and local councils) needs to get involved with. Learning about the issue is the greatest and most important step to take. Here are a few things you can do to help.
• Never throw rubbish away anyhow. Always look for the correct waste bin. If there is none around, please take it home and put it in your trash can. This includes places like the beach, riverside and water bodies.
• Use water wisely. Do not keep the tap running when not in use. Also, you can reduce the amount of water you use in washing and bathing. If we all do this, we can significantly prevent water shortages and reduce the amount of dirty water that needs treatment.
• Do not throw chemicals, oils, paints and medicines down the sink drain, or the toilet. In many cities, your local environment office can help with the disposal of medicines and chemicals. Check with your local authorities if there is a chemical disposal plan for local residents.
• Buy more environmentally safe cleaning liquids for use at home and other public places. They are less dangerous to the environment.
• If you use chemicals and pesticides for your gardens and farms, be mindful not to overuse pesticides and fertilizers. This will reduce runoffs of the chemical into nearby water sources. Start looking at options of composting and using organic manure instead.
• If you live close to a water body, try to plant lots of trees and flowers around your home, so that when it rains, chemicals from your home does not easily drain into the water.
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ReplyDeleteOKAFOR ANDERSON IFEANYI
F/HD/15/3720130
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
RECENT CASE STUDY OF DIAHIRROHEA TYPHOID CHOLERA ASSOCIATED WITH DRINKING POLLUTED AND UNTREATED WATER
Cholera
Cholera is an infectious disease that causes severe watery diarrhea, which can lead to dehydration and even death if untreated. It is caused by eating food or drinking water contaminated with a bacterium called Vibrio cholera . Only about 10 cases of cholera are reported each year and half of these are acquired abroad. Rarely, contaminated seafood has caused cholera outbreaks in the U.S. However, cholera outbreaks are still a serious problem in other parts of the world. At least 150,000 cases are reported to the World Health Organization each year
The disease is most common in places with poor sanitation, crowding, war, and famine. Common locations include parts of Africa, mostly nigeria
Cholera Causes
Vibrio cholerae, the bacterium that causes cholera, is usually found in food or water contaminated by feces from a person with the infection. Common sources include:
Municipal water supplies
Ice made from municipal water
Foods and drinks sold by street vendors
Vegetables grown with water containing human wastes Raw or undercooked fish and seafood caught in waters polluted with sewage
When a person consumes the contaminated food or water, the bacteria release a toxin in the intestines that produces severe diarrhea.
It is not likely you will catch cholera just from casual contact with an infected person.
Cholera Symptoms
Symptoms of cholera can begin as soon as a few hours or as long as five days after infection. Often, symptoms are mild. But sometimes they are very serious. About one in 20 people infected have severe watery diarrhea accompanied by vomiting, which can quickly lead to dehydration. Although many infected people may have minimal or no symptoms, they can still contribute to spread of the infection.
Signs and symptoms of dehydration include:
Rapid heart rate
Loss of skin elasticity (the ability to return to original position quickly if pinched)
Dry mucous membranes, including the inside of the mouth, throat, nose, and eyelids
Low blood pressure
Thirst
Muscle cramps
If not treated, dehydration can lead to shock and death in a matter of hours.
Cholera Treatment and Prevention
Although there is a vaccine against cholera, the CDC and World Health Organization don't normally recommend it, because it may not protect up to half of the people who receive it and it lasts only a few months. However, you can protect yourself and your family by using only water that has been boiled, water that has been chemically disinfected, or bottled water. Be sure to use the bottled, boiled, or chemically disinfected water for the following purposes:
Drinking
Preparing food or drinks
Making ice
Brushing your teeth
Washing your face and hands
Washing dishes and utensils that you use to eat or prepare food
Washing fruits and vegetables
To disinfect your own water, boil it for one minute (or 3 minutes at higher elevations) or filter it and use a commercial chemical disinfectant. You should also avoid raw foods, including the following:
Unpeeled fruits and vegetables
Unpasteurized milk and milk products
Raw or undercooked meat or shellfish
Fish caught in tropical reefs, which may be contaminated
If you develop severe, watery diarrhea and vomiting -- particularly after eating raw shellfish or traveling to a country where cholera is epidemic -- seek medical help immediately. Cholera is highly treatable, but because dehydration can happen quickly, it's important to get cholera treatment right away.
Hydration is the mainstay of treatment for cholera. Depending on how severe the diarrhea is, treatment will consist of oral or intravenous solutions to replace lost fluids. Antibiotics, which kill the bacteria, are not part of emergency treatment for mild cases. But they can reduce the duration of diarrhea by half and also reduce the excretion of the bacteria, thus helping to prevent the spread of the disease.
SANNI HAMMED BALOGUN
ReplyDeleteF/HD/15/3720132
Flooding can potentially increase the transmission of water-borne diseases, such as typhoid fever, cholera, hepatitis A and vector borne diseases such as malaria, dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever, yellow fever and West Nile fever.
water borne diseases
Diarrhea
Water-borne diseases are caused by pathogenic micro-organism which are directly transmitted when contaminated drinking water is consumed. One of the most common disease caused by the consumption of contaminated water is diarrhea. According to the World Health Organization diarrheal disease is responsible for the deaths of 1.8 million people every year. It was estimated that 88% of that burden is attributable to unsafe water supply, poor sanitation and hygiene conditions.
Cholera
Another common disease is cholera. It causes severe diarrhea. When poor sanitation permits faeces from a cholera patient to enter the water supply, the bacteria spread to other people.
Most people infected with V.cholera tend to have mild-to-moderate diarrhea, however, if left untreated, cholera can be one of the most rapidly fatal infectious illnesses known.
In endemic areas, the incidence of cholera is highest in children. It tends to decrease with age due to acquired immunity. In no-endemic areas, cholera prevalence is not age dependent. This reflects that most of the population have no immunity to the bacterium.
The diagnosis of this condition is largely clinical. The mainstay of treatment is rehydration therapy. The mortality in this condition has been reduced to less than 1% through the use of effective and appropriate rehydration therapy. Therapeutic regimes are usually oral, although, in severely dehydrated individuals with features of collapse, intravenous rehydration may be necessary.
Antibiotic treatment helps to eradicate the infection and also decreases the stool output and duration of illness.
Viral Hemorrhagic Fever(VHF)
VHF is a term used to group together a variety of modifiable diseases. The diseases have some features in common, but the diversity of the viruses causing the condition means that there is considerable variety in the clinical presentation.
Symptoms of VHF include
Sudden onset of high fever, chills, headache, muscle and joint pain and conjunctivitis.
Gastro-intestinal disturbance including diarrhea, nausea and vomiting and anorexia.
Some conditions involve the central nervous system resulting in delirium and drowsiness which may progress to coma.
Treatment is symptomatic and supportive. In the event of renal failure, peritoneal dialysis is indicated. In bleeding, blood transfusion, platelets and fresh frozen plasma is indicated.
Typhoid
People with typhoid fever typically have several symptoms including a sustained fever as 104 degree. They may also feel weak, or have gastro-enteritis, headache, diarrhea and loss of appetite. In some cases, patients have a rash of flat, rose-colored spots. The only way to know for sure if an illness is typhoid fever is to have samples of stool or blood tested for the presence of S.typhi.
Classically, the course of untreated typhoid fever is divided into 4 individual stages, each lasting approximately one week.
In the first week, there is a slowly rising temperature with relative bradycardia, malaise, headache and cough.
Typhoid fever, in most cases, is not fatal. Antibiotics is used to treat it in developed countries. Prompt treatment of the disease with antibiotics reduces the case-fatality rate to approximately 1%.
Dysentery
It is the term for painful straining to pass stool, cramping and frequent, small-volume severe diarrhea associated with blood in the faeces. Fever and fatigue are commonly noted.
In adults, dysentery caused by bacteria usually subsides spontaneously. But in children, and other vulnerable groups, the condition can be treated with antibiotics.
Preventive Measures For Water-Borne Diseases
ReplyDeleteShort term measures
Chlorination of water
Vaccination against hepatitis A
use of insecticides.
Early detection of disease.
Free medical care.
Health education.
Promotion good hygienic practices.
Long term measures
Creation of disaster preparedness programs and early warning systems.
Improvement of surveillance on a local, national, international and global level.
Promotion of tap-water quality regulation and monitoring.
Enforcement of high standards of hygiene.
Improvement of water treatment and sanitation.
Keeping infectious disease control programs active and efficient.
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Cholera is severe water-born infectious
ReplyDeletedisease caused by the bacterium vibrio
cholerae. In 2005, 131,943 cases including 2,272 deaths have notified from 52 countries. The year was marked by a particular significant series of outbreaks in West Africa, which affected 14 countries and accounted for 58% of all cholera cases world-wide (WHO 2006). In the same year Nigeria had 4,477 cases and 174 deaths. There was reported case of cholera in 2008 in Nigeria in which 429 death out of 6,330 cases. More so, 2,304 cases in Niger State in which 114 were reported death in 2008 (NBS 2009).
ReplyDelete1. Case study of diarrhea in Nigeria
Diarrhea is an important cause of disease and death among children in developing countries (20). Adult visitors to tropical developing countries frequently experience traveler's diarrhea, caused by agents that are endemic in those countries but to which visitors have not had the opportunity to develop protective immunity (36). Adult residents of developing countries are less likely to have sporadic diarrhea, and when it occurs, it is unlikely to be life threatening. Therefore, diarrheal pathogens in adults residing in developing countries have been the subject of few investigations, and very little is known about the etiologic epidemiology of pathogens other than epidemic Vibrio cholerae and Shigella. Sporadic endemic diarrhea in adults, however, contributes to the loss of productivity in developing countries and increases the risk that pathogens will be passed to susceptible children or visitors. When such infections do occur, they are often treated empirically, even though very little is known about the etiologic agents in this population; and in many cases, they prompt self-medication with antibiotics, which are often available without prescription (33). We conducted a case-control study over an 11-week period to determine the causes of diarrhea among adults visiting the outpatient clinic of a hospital in the town of Ile-Ife in southwest Nigeria.
2. Case study of typhoid in Nigeria
Typhoid fever, dysentery kill 13 in AbujaBy Daily Post Staff on February 23, 2016@dailypostngr
health
Dr Rilwanu Muhammad, the Executive Secretary, FCT Primary Health Care Development Board, said unknown disease suspected to be typhoid fever or shigella dysentery had killed 13 people in Saburi community of AMAC in Abuja.
Muhammad told the News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) in Abuja on Tuesday that the disease broke out on Feb. 18.
He said 13 out of 14 affected people died while a five-year-old child survived the outbreak as at Feb. 22, 2016.
The scribe said the victims of the disease are not from a single household.
According to him, the victims are experiencing fever, abdominal pain and diarrhoea, and sometimes bloody diarrhoea and they subsequently die.
“There is no good sanitation in the community and we suspect salmonella typhi and shigella dysentery in that community.
Abimbola Rukayat Mojisola
F/hd/15/3720048
3. Case study of cholera in Nigeria
ReplyDeleteCholera is a highly contagious water-borne bacterial disease which causes acute watery diarrhoea and vomiting. It can quickly lead to rapid dehydration and death if untreated, particularly in malnourished children and people with underlying medical conditions. Treatment involves safe fluid and salt replacement using oral rehydration salts and, in severe cases, intravenous fluids are required alongside appropriate treatment with antibiotics. Cholera is mainly transmitted through contaminated water and food and is closely linked to inadequate sanitation, particularly in overcrowded conditions. Careful food and water hygiene along with regular hand washing are key factors which help to control the spread of the disease.
Travellers and international workers’ risk of contracting cholera is low as long as simple preventative measures are followed.
Nigeria reported an outbreak of cholera in May 2013. Since then and up until 12 October 2014, a total of 40,608 suspected cholera cases have been reported. There have been 898 deaths, giving a Case Fatality Rate (CFR) of 1.95%.
The outbreak has experienced a strong upsurge since early 2014, with more than 34,000 suspected cases and 664 deaths reported from January 2014 to 12 October 2014. Suspected cholera cases were recorded in 19 of the country’s 37 states (51%). The states affected include: Bauchi, Borno, Adamawa, Katsina, Kebbi, Kaduna, Kano, Plateau and Zamfara
The first cholera outbreak in Nigeria occurred in the late 1960s. Since then, the country has experienced a number of outbreaks of the disease.
Between 2010 and 2013, Nigeria reported over 70,000 cases and almost 3,000 deaths from suspected and confirmed cholera.
Cholera cases were reported in Bauchi state in north-east Nigeria in January 2014. Around 15,500 people are estimated to have contracted cholera in the state.
Cholera cases were first reported in Borno state in north-east Nigeria at the end of September 2014. Healthcare services and transport are severely limited in this remote state. Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) is responding to the outbreak and have recently reported 4,500 cases and 70 deaths in Maiduguri, the state capital. Cases are continuing to rise.
The World Health Organisation (WHO) is continuing to support the Ministry of Health and the health authorities in Local Government Areas (LGAs) as they respond to the outbreak.
Abimbola Rukayat Mojisola
F/hd/15/3720048
ReplyDelete4. Solutions to water pollution
There is no easy way to solve water pollution; if there were, it wouldn't be so much of a problem. Broadly speaking, there are three different things that can help to tackle the problem—education, laws, and economics—and they work together as a team.
Education
Making people aware of the problem is the first step to solving it. In the early 1990s, when surfers in Britain grew tired of catching illnesses from water polluted with sewage, they formed a group called Surfers Against Sewage to force governments and water companies to clean up their act. People who've grown tired of walking the world's polluted beaches often band together to organize community beach-cleaning sessions. Anglers who no longer catch so many fish have campaigned for tougher penalties against factories that pour pollution into our rivers. Greater public awareness can make a positive difference.
Laws
One of the biggest problems with water pollution is its transboundary nature. Many rivers cross countries, while seas span whole continents. Pollution discharged by factories in one country with poor environmental standards can cause problems in neighboring nations, even when they have tougher laws and higher standards. Environmental laws can make it tougher for people to pollute, but to be really effective they have to operate across national and international borders. This is why we have international laws governing the oceans, such as the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (signed by over 120 nations), the 1972 London (Dumping) Convention, the 1978 MARPOL International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, and the 1998 OSPAR Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North East Atlantic. The European Union has water-protection laws (known as directives) that apply to all of its member states. They include the 1976 Bathing Water Directive (updated 2006), which seeks to ensure the quality of the waters that people use for recreation. Most countries also have their own water pollution laws. In the United States, for example, there is the 1972 Clean Water Act and the 1974 Safe Drinking Water Act.
Economics
Most environmental experts agree that the best way to tackle pollution is through something called the polluter pays principle. This means that whoever causes pollution should have to pay to clean it up, one way or another. Polluter pays can operate in all kinds of ways. It could mean that tanker owners should have to take out insurance that covers the cost of oil spill cleanups, for example. It could also mean that shoppers should have to pay for their plastic grocery bags, as is now common in Ireland, to encourage recycling and minimize waste. Or it could mean that factories that use rivers must have their water inlet pipes downstream of their effluent outflow pipes, so if they cause pollution they themselves are the first people to suffer. Ultimately, the polluter pays principle is designed to deter people from polluting by making it less expensive for them to behave in an environmentally responsible way.
Our clean future
Life is ultimately about choices—and so is pollution. We can live with sewage-strewn beaches, dead rivers, and fish that are too poisonous to eat. Or we can work together to keep the environment clean so the plants, animals, and people who depend on it remain healthy. We can take individual action to help reduce water pollution, for example, by using environmentally friendly detergents, not pouring oil down drains, reducing pesticides, and so on. We can take community action too, by helping out on beach cleans or litter picks to keep our rivers and seas that little bit cleaner. And we can take action as countries and continents to pass laws that will make pollution harder and the world less polluted. Working together, we can make pollution less of a problem—and the world a better place.
Abimbola Rukayat Mojisola
F/hd/15/3720048
LAGOS—THE Lagos State Government, yesterday, disclosed that 45 cases of cholera disease has been recorded in Isolo Local Council Development Area, LCDA, of the state, with six deaths already recorded.Giving update on the outbreak, at a press conference in Lagos, the State Commissioner for Health, Dr. Jide Idris explained that out of the six cases, two were brought in dead.He added that 36 cases have been successfully managed in various hospitals across the state while four people are currently responding to treatment.According to the commissioner, the main source of the outbreak has been traced to local consumption of Salad calledAbacha,a staple food of the residents of Isolo council area.His words: “Some domestic wells within the communitiesare also suspected. Sample ofAbachasalad and well water have been collected and sent to the Lagos State Drug Quality Control Laboratory for analysis.“Samples were collected from 15 cases and taken to the central public health laboratory, Yaba. There were no growths, however continuous culture yieldedVibro choleraefrom 7 out of 15 samples. The Vibro cholera was late confirmed to beOgawastrain.”The Health Commissioner pointed out that “the report of the analysis revealed the presence of vibro cholerae,Salmonella species and E. Coliinabachaand one of thetwo well water samples.”He explained that 26 cases of the disease were managedat Isolo General Hospital and Lagos Mainland Hospital, 22 have been discharged, one died while three are still on admission at Lagos MainlandHospital.“All the three cases are still on admission and in stable conditions. 17 of the cases were managed at private health facilities in Isolo. Out of the 17cases three died.
ReplyDeleteUghonu Rhema chinwe
F/HD/15/3720034
GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION.
ReplyDeleteThe health commissioner said, “Lagosians should endeavour to wash their hands with soap and water frequently and thoroughly, especially after using the rest room. Boil water before drinking, especially if you are not sure of the source of water.”He also appealed to Lagosians to stop open defecation, which has been linked to outbreak of cholera and diarrhoea.
UGHONU RHEMA CHINWE
F/HD/15/3720034
Viral intestinal infections are the most common cause of acute infectious diarrhea in the pediatric population. Viral enteropathogens are important causes of childhood gastroenteritis in both developed and developing countries [1,2].. The commonest etiological agents include rotavirus, astrovirus, adenovirus and norovirus, with differences in [3,4]. prevalence depending on environmental, geographical or socio-economic factors Globally, these viruses are responsible for diarrhea episodes in hospitalized children with variations in detection rates [5,6,7]. These four major families cause enteric childhood disease which affects children worldwide within the first few years of life regardless level of hygiene, quality of water, food or sanitation [8]. Viral infections damage small bowel enterocytes and cause low grade fever and watery diarrhea without blood. Viral intestinal infections account for approximately 70% of episodes of acute infectious diarrhea in children. However, about 40% of cases of acute diarrheal illness in the first 5 years of life are caused by rotaviruses, while a further 30% are caused by other viruses, mainly adenoviruses [9,10]. noroviruses and In Nigeria, some studies on viral diarrhea have been conducted to show the role of viral agents in childhood diarrhea. However, different prevalence rates have been reported in the different studies. The incidence of rotavirus reported include 33.3% in Lagos [11], and 13.8% in Benin City [12]. Adenovirus include 6.7% in Lagos [11] and 23% in Northwestern Nigeria [13]. The incidence of norovirus reported in Lagos by Ayolabi et al. [14] was 32.5%. In many developing countries including Nigeria, data on viral enteropathogens are limited especially with respect to the pediatric population. This may be due to the fact that diagnostic tests for these viruses are not routinely carried out in most Nigerian hospitals and as a result, many important viral pathogens of interest are missed out (i.e unidentified). This previous situation makes it difficult to collect data as regards viral diarrhea and implementation of control strategy to combat the disease becomes difficult to carry out. Against this background, this study was carried out to ascertain the prevalence rates of viral enteropathogens (rotavirus, adenovirus and norovirus) as causative agents of viral diarrhea among children attending Central hospital, Benin City, Nigeria. This work is also aimed at assessing the relationship between feeding patterns and viral diarrhea, as well as the effects of some variables on viral diarrhea. 2. PATIENTS AND METHODS Study location and population: This study was carried out at Central hospital, Benin City, Nigeria. It is a secondary health care center and it is located in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. It attends to all medical cases as well as referral cases from primary health care centers. A total of two hundred and thirteen (213) stool specimens were collected from children who were 0 to 24 months of age, comprising 168 children with clinical symptoms of diarrhea made up of 91 males and 77 females, and 45 apparently healthy age matched children without diarrhea made up of 28 males and 18 females The patients and control subjects were residing in the same locality as at the time of this study. The inclusion criteria used in this study were children from birth to two years of age who were clinically diagnosed as having diarrhea, with the passage of watery stools 3 times or more within a 24 hour period. The population studied was made up of children with acute diarrhea (less than 2 weeks). Feeding patterns were also considered during this study,exclusive breastfeeding was from birth to six month of age while mixinng feeding and solid feeding were not age dependent the study was carried between 2011-dec.2012. F/HD/3720017
ReplyDelete1. List the greenhouse gases.
ReplyDelete• Water vapor (H. 2O)
• Carbon dioxide (CO. ...
• Methane (CH. ...
• Nitrous oxide (N. 2O)
• Ozone (O. ...
• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
2. Find the organism of profundal zone
• Brittle star
• Green sea urchin
• Chitin
• Sea anemones
• Scallop
PROFUNDAL PLANT
Benthic algea
Benthic diatom
Benthic flora
NAME: SHOGBANMU TAIWO TITILAYO
P/ND/13/3710789
Solutions for the Water Pollution
ReplyDelete1. More strict environmental laws and rules for the population.
2. More strict environmental laws and rules for the industry companies.
3. Implement mandatory environmental education in the elementary/junior/
high school and teach to the students about the effects caused for the
water pollution.
4. Make industry companies commit to protect the environment through
more strict national and international commerce politics.
5. Improve and build more sanitary infrastructure where it is needed.
6. Support the recycling initiatives.
7. Forbid plastic bags in supermarkets.
8. Legal penalties for people who throw garbage away water sources.
9. Regulate the amounts of fertilizers used in agriculture.
10. Support the biodegradable materials production industry.
11. Production of less-pollutant detergents and soaps.
12. Avoid to build water reservoirs in the lowest zones of the watershed.
13. Force industrial companies to manage appropriate waste programs.
14. Reduce the mining activity.
15. Don't let operate crude oil companies without a previous process of
examination of its operation plan
ABOLUWADE JAMES B
F/HD/15/3270063
Environ Bio
Name:LAWSON AYOOLA RUTH
ReplyDeleteMatric no.:P/ND/13/3710350
Course:ECOLOGY (STB 222)
Assignment 1:LIST GREEN HOUSE GASES
SOLUTION:
A greenhouse gas is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range. Green house gases in earth's atmosphere are.
1.carbon dioxide(CO2)
2.Ozone(O3)
3.Methane(ch4)
4.Nitrous Oxide(N2O
Assignment 2 :List the organisms that lives in profundal zone.
SOLUTION:
Profundal zone is the deepest part of a body of water because light does not penetrate into it, photosynthesis does not occur there.
1.Mollusks
2.Crabs
3.Sea Urchins
4.Crustaceans
5.Annelid works
Name Janet john. E.
ReplyDeleteMatric p/nd/13/3710212
Assignment1 list green house gases
1 methane CH4
2 ozone O3
3 water vapour H2O
4 nitrous oxide N2O
5 fluorinated ethers (HFE_125)
6 carbon dioxide CO2
Assignment 2 5 organisms that live in Profundal Zone
1 leeches
2 sea orchins
3 star brittle
4small clams
5crabs
Name: Shokunbi Adebisi
ReplyDeleteMatric p/nd/13/3710710
Assignment1 list green house gases
1 methane CH4
2 ozone O3
3 water vapour H2O
4 nitrous oxide N2O
5 fluorinated ethers (HFE_125)
6 carbon dioxide CO2
Assignment 2 5 organisms that live in Profundal Zone
1 leeches
2 sea orchins
3 star brittle
4small clams
5crabs
Name: Shokunbi Adebisi
ReplyDeleteMatric p/nd/13/3710710
Assignment1 list green house gases
1 methane CH4
2 ozone O3
3 water vapour H2O
4 nitrous oxide N2O
5 fluorinated ethers (HFE_125)
6 carbon dioxide CO2
Assignment 2 5 organisms that live in Profundal Zone
1 leeches
2 sea orchins
3 star brittle
4small clams
5crabs
Name Ezekiel Oluchi favour
ReplyDeleteMatric p/nd/13/3710235
Assignment1 list green house gases
1 methane CH4
2 ozone O3
3 water vapour H2O
4 nitrous oxide N2O
5 fluorinated ethers (HFE_125)
Assignment2 list 5 organisms that live in Profundal Zone
1 leeches
2 crabs
3 sea urchins
4 small clams
5 star brittle
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ReplyDeleteSTANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE
ReplyDeleteA standard operating procedure is a set of step-by-step instructions compiled by an organization to help workers carry out routine operations. SOPs aim to achieve efficiency, quality output and uniformity of performance, while reducing miscommunication and failure to comply with industry regulations.
LIST OF WATER QUALITY INDICATOR
The following is a list of indicators often measured by situational category:
• Alkalinity
• Colour of water
• pH
• Taste and odour (geosmin, 2-Methylisoborneol (MIB), etc.)
• Dissolved metals and salts (sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, manganese, magnesium)
• Microorganisms such as faecal coliform bacteria (Escherichia coli), Cryptosporidium, and Giardia lamblia; Bacteriological water analysis
• Dissolved metals and metalloids (lead, mercury, arsenic, etc.)
• Dissolved organics: colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), dissolved organic carbon (DOC)
• Radon
• Heavy metals
• Pharmaceuticals
• Hormone analogs
WATER CYCLE
The water cycle, also known as the hydrological cycle or the H2O cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth. The mass of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time but the partitioning of the water into the major reservoirs of ice, fresh water, saline water and atmospheric water is variable depending on a wide range of climatic variables. The water moves from one reservoir to another, such as from river to ocean, or from the ocean to the atmosphere, by the physical processes of evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, surface runoff, and subsurface flow. In doing so, the water goes through different phases: liquid, solid (ice) and vapor.
The water cycle involves the exchange of energy, which leads to temperature changes. For instance, when water evaporates, it takes up energy from its surroundings and cools the environment. When it condenses, it releases energy and warms the environment. These heat exchanges influence climate.
The evaporative phase of the cycle purifies water which then replenishes the land with freshwater. The flow of liquid water and ice transports minerals across the globe. It is also involved in reshaping the geological features of the Earth, through processes including erosion and sedimentation. The water cycle is also essential for the maintenance of most life and ecosystems on the planet.
PORTABLE WATER
Drinking water, also known as potable water or improved drinking water, is water that is safe to drink or to use for food preparation, without risk of health problems. Globally, in 2012, 89% of people had access to water suitable for drinking. Nearly 4 billion had access to tap water while another 2.3 billion had access to wells or public taps. 1.8 billion people still use an unsafe drinking water source which may be contaminated by faeces. This can result in infectious diarrhoea such as cholera and typhoid among others.
Water is essential for life. The amount of drinking water required is variable. It depends on physical activity, age, health issues, and environmental conditions. For those working in a hot climate, up to 16 litres a day may be required. Water makes up about 60% of weight in men and 55% of weight in women. Infants are about 70% to 80%.
WHO STANDARD ON POTABLE WATER
WHO standard for potablewater The following parametric standards are included in the Drinking Water Directive and are expected to be enforced by appropriate legislation in every country in the European Union. Simple parametric values are reproduced here, but in many cases the original directive also provides caveats and notes about many of the values given.
Acrylamide 0.10 μg/l
Antimony 5.0 μg/l
Arsenic 10 μg/l
Benzene 1.0 μg/l
Benzo(a)pyrene 0.010 μg/l
Boron 1.0 mg/l
Bromate 10 μg/l
Cadmium 5.0 μg/l
Chromium 50 μg/l
Copper 2.0 mg/l
Cyanide 50 μg/l
1,2-dichloroethane 3.0 μg/l
F/HD/15/3720010
DURU MIRIAM .C
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE
ReplyDeleteA standard operating procedure is a set of step-by-step instructions compiled by an organization to help workers carry out routine operations. SOPs aim to achieve efficiency, quality output and uniformity of performance, while reducing miscommunication and failure to comply with industry regulations.
LIST OF WATER QUALITY INDICATOR
The following is a list of indicators often measured by situational category:
• Alkalinity
• Colour of water
• pH
• Taste and odour (geosmin, 2-Methylisoborneol (MIB), etc.)
• Dissolved metals and salts (sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, manganese, magnesium)
• Microorganisms such as faecal coliform bacteria (Escherichia coli), Cryptosporidium, and Giardia lamblia; Bacteriological water analysis
• Dissolved metals and metalloids (lead, mercury, arsenic, etc.)
• Dissolved organics: colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), dissolved organic carbon (DOC)
• Radon
• Heavy metals
• Pharmaceuticals
• Hormone analogs
WATER CYCLE
The water cycle, also known as the hydrological cycle or the H2O cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth. The mass of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time but the partitioning of the water into the major reservoirs of ice, fresh water, saline water and atmospheric water is variable depending on a wide range of climatic variables. The water moves from one reservoir to another, such as from river to ocean, or from the ocean to the atmosphere, by the physical processes of evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, surface runoff, and subsurface flow. In doing so, the water goes through different phases: liquid, solid (ice) and vapor.
The water cycle involves the exchange of energy, which leads to temperature changes. For instance, when water evaporates, it takes up energy from its surroundings and cools the environment. When it condenses, it releases energy and warms the environment. These heat exchanges influence climate.
The evaporative phase of the cycle purifies water which then replenishes the land with freshwater. The flow of liquid water and ice transports minerals across the globe. It is also involved in reshaping the geological features of the Earth, through processes including erosion and sedimentation. The water cycle is also essential for the maintenance of most life and ecosystems on the planet.
PORTABLE WATER
Drinking water, also known as potable water or improved drinking water, is water that is safe to drink or to use for food preparation, without risk of health problems. Globally, in 2012, 89% of people had access to water suitable for drinking. Nearly 4 billion had access to tap water while another 2.3 billion had access to wells or public taps. 1.8 billion people still use an unsafe drinking water source which may be contaminated by faeces. This can result in infectious diarrhoea such as cholera and typhoid among others.
Water is essential for life. The amount of drinking water required is variable. It depends on physical activity, age, health issues, and environmental conditions. For those working in a hot climate, up to 16 litres a day may be required. Water makes up about 60% of weight in men and 55% of weight in women. Infants are about 70% to 80%.
WHO STANDARD ON POTABLE WATER
WHO standard for potablewater The following parametric standards are included in the Drinking Water Directive and are expected to be enforced by appropriate legislation in every country in the European Union. Simple parametric values are reproduced here, but in many cases the original directive also provides caveats and notes about many of the values given.
Acrylamide 0.10 μg/l
Antimony 5.0 μg/l
Arsenic 10 μg/l
Benzene 1.0 μg/l
Benzo(a)pyrene 0.010 μg/l
Boron 1.0 mg/l
Bromate 10 μg/l
Cadmium 5.0 μg/l
Chromium 50 μg/l
Copper 2.0 mg/l
Cyanide 50 μg/l
1,2-dichloroethane 3.0 μg/l
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DURU MIRIAM .C
Recent case study of cholera disease in Nigeria; community and local government
ReplyDeleteThe Lagos State Government disclosed that 45 cases of cholera disease has been recorded in Isolo Local Council Development Area, LCDA, of the state, with six deaths already recorded. Giving update on the outbreak, at a press conference in Lagos, the State Commissioner for Health, Dr. Jide Idris explained that out of the six cases, two were brought in dead. He added that 36 cases have been successfully managed in various hospitals across the state while four people are currently responding to treatment. According to the commissioner, the main source of the outbreak has been traced to local consumption of Salad called Abacha, a staple food of the residents of Isolo council area. His words: “Some domestic wells within the communities are also suspected. Sample of Abacha salad and well water have been collected and sent to the Lagos State Drug Quality Control Laboratory for analysis. “Samples were collected from 15 cases and taken to the central public health laboratory, Yaba. The risk of contracting the disease is mainly by poor water and environmental sanitation, including open defecation.
ABIKOYE IFEOLUWA OLUWABUNMI
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Environmental biology
A. List conventions that protects the beaches in lagos (Acts and Laws).
ReplyDelete1. Public Health Act, 1917
2. Water Works Act, 1915
3. FEPA Act 1988, NESRA Act 2007
4. Petroleum Act, 1968
5. Oil in Navigable Water Act of 1968
6. Lagos State Environmental Pollution Control Edict of 1991
B. British Petroleum(Oil spill) stating the gravity, year of occurence, and control.
Gravity: In the BP oil spill, more than 200 million gallons of crude oil was pumped into the Gulf of Mexico for a total of 87days, making it the biggest oil spill in US history. 16000 total miles of coastline have been affected including the coast of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Florida.
Year of Occurence: April 20, 2016. Damages: The initial oil rig explosion killed 11 people and injured 17others. Over 8,000 animals (birds, turtles, mammals) were reported dead just 6months after the spill. Control: Responders used 5.5 feet of boom, a barrier placed in water, to collect and absorb oil.
ABOLUWADE JAMES
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ENV. BIO
HND 1
Diarrhea Outbreak In Lagos
ReplyDeleteSep 23, 2016
Lagos State government, Thursday, raised the alarm over an outbreak of diarrhea in the state even as it disclosed that 45 cases have been recorded in Isolo Local Council Development Area (LCDA), with six deaths already recorded.
Giving update on the outbreak at press conference in Lagos, the State Commissioner for Health, Dr. Jide Idris explained that out of the six cases, two were brought in dead.
Idris added that 36 cases have been successfully managed in various hospitals across the state, while four people are currently responding to treatment.
He said: “The Ministry was notified of an upsurge of diarrhea diseases in some communities in Isolo LCDA. Following this, 45 cases were line-listed by the Epidemiology Unit of the Ministry. Six deaths were recorded among the 45 cases. Majority of the cases did not present with the classical rice-water stool, rather they presented with a typical diarrhea and vomiting.
According to the State health ministry boss, the main source of the outbreak has been traced to local consumption of salad called Abacha, a staple food of the residents of Isolo Local Government Area.
LAGOS STATE GOVERNMENT GUIDELINES FOR DREDGING ACTIVITIES (BEACHES)
According to documents circulated by the Lagos State Ministry of Waterfront Infrastructure Development, Engineering Department, the following are the guidelines for the registration of dredgers. tThe dredging industry has been segmented into three categories: category A - dredging firms only; category B – dredging / sand sellers only; and category C – manual dredgers only.
Category A – Dredging Firms Only
Application for dredging addressed to the Honourable Commissioner Ministry of Waterfront Infrastructure Development.
Payment of application fee of N50,000 [fifty thousand Naira only]
Provide detailed description of proposed dredging location.
Provide of the Enviromental Impact Analsis Report.
Provide Hydrographic survey.
Bathymetric survey of the proposed location.
Copies of current tax clearance certificate.
ATERE OLAYINKA
DeleteHND I [ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY]
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BRITISH PETROLEUM OIL SPILL
ReplyDeleteYEAR OF OCCURRENCE
The Deepwater Horizon oil spill (also referred to as the BP oil spill, the BP oil disaster, the Gulf of Mexico oil spill, and the Macondo blowout) began on April 20, 2010, in the Gulf of Mexico on the BP-operated Macondo Prospect.
HOW IT HAPPENED
the Horizon disaster resulted from many human and technical failings in a risk-taking corporation that operated in an industry with ineffective regulatory oversight. By the time the blowout came, it was almost inevitable. "It's clear that the problem is not technology, but people.
LOSSES
Eleven people went missing and were never found.
The US Government estimated the total discharge at 4.9 million barrels (210 million US gal; 780,000 m3).
EFFECTS
Effects on Wildlife
Striped dolphins swim among emulsified oil patches on April 29, 2010 in the Gulf of Mexico, a few days after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.
There were some immediate impacts to the animals of the Gulf of Mexico that could be seen with the naked eye: pelicans black with oil, fish belly-up in brown sludge, smothered turtles washed up on beaches. But not much time has passed since the spill, and it will take many more years of monitoring and research to understand what happened.
Strandings of both dolphins and sea turtles increased significantly in the years following the spill. "From 2002 to 2009, the Gulf averaged 63 dolphin deaths a year. That rose to 125 in the seven months after the spill in 2010 and 335 in all of 2011, averaging more than 200 a year since April 2010,"
CONTROL
After several failed efforts to contain the flow, the well was declared sealed on September 19, 2010.[10] Reports in early 2012 indicated the well site was still leaking.
The most basic method of clean up is to control the spread of the oil using physical barriers. When oil spills in water, it tends to float to the surface and spread out, forming a thin slick just a few millimeters thick. (A very thin slick is called a sheen, which often looks like a rainbow and can be seen in parking lots after a rainstorm.) Cleanup workers first surround the slick with floating booms to keep it from spreading to harbors, beaches or biologically important areas like marshes.
A massive response ensued to protect beaches, wetlands and estuaries from the spreading oil utilizing skimmer ships, floating booms, controlled burns and 1.84 million US gallons (7,000 m3) of Corexit oil dispersant.
ATERE OLAYINKA
HND I [ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY]
F/HD/15/3720009
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