Prior to the dumping of toxic waste in Koko village, in Delta State, in
1987, Nigeria was ill-equipped to manage serious environmental crisis,
as there were no institutional arrangements or mechanisms for
environmental protection and enforcement of environmental laws and
regulations in the country.
Arising from the Koko toxic waste episode, the Federal Government
promulgated the Harmful Waste Decree 42 of 1988, which facilitated the
establishment of the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA)
through Decree 58 of 1988 and 59 (amended) of 1992.
FEPA was then charged with the overall responsibility for environmental
management and protection. It is on record that by the establishment
of FEPA, Nigeria became the first African country to establish a
national institutional mechanism for environmental protection.
In the wisdom of the Government, FEPA and other relevant Departments in
other Ministries were merged to form the Federal Ministry of
Environment in 1999, but without an appropriate enabling law on
enforcement issues. This situation created a vacuum in the effective
enforcement of environmental laws, standards and regulations in the
country.
This comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteThis comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeletePrior to June 1988, Nigeria responded to most environmental problems on an ad hoc basis. The discovery of toxic waste dumped in Koko, at remote part of southern Nigeria, Delta State. in June 1988, and the attendant media and public outcry prompted the government to react swiftly. Through diplomatic channels, the Nigerian government succeeded in getting the Italian government and the Italian company that was the culprit to lift the toxic waste out of the country. The Nigerian government followed this action by organizing an international workshop6 on the environment. The result was the formulation of a national policy on the environment. Consequently, the Federal Environmental Protection Agency 1988 (FEPA) was created and charged with the administration and enforcement of the environmental law. In addition, the government enacted the Harmful Waste (Special Criminal Provisions) Act, 1988, to deal specifically with illegal dumping of harmful waste. This article appraises the post-Koko environmental protection laws in Nigeria, with a view to assessing environmental protection mechanisms in the country. In particular, the focus is on hazardous waste protection under the current dispensation.
ReplyDeleteLate Chief F.R.A Williams (SAN) stated that "prior to 1988, legal and administrative measures covered mainly protective and preventive measures relating to Environmental sanitation and issue on public health ; warning and emergency measures to reduce potential harm in case of natural disaster and context of Nigeria Law which whilst paying due regard to global movements and ideas as well as the increasing interest of the international community on the problem pertaining to the environment ".
It was emphatically stated by Okorodudu Fubara that "until the adoption of the National Environmental Policy on the Environment in 1989, Nigeria has no defined and clearly articulated national policy goals for the National Environment" The Koko toxic experience, led Nigerian Military Government to promulgating the Federal Environmental Protection Agency Decree 1988 No 58. it was then the first of its kind since Nigeria Independence in 1960 and in line with 1972 Stockholm conference on environment which Nigeria was a signatory.
Reference
Ogbodo, Dr. S. Gozie (2009) "Environmental Protection in Nigeria: Two Decades After the Koko Incident," Annual Survey of International & Comparative Law : Vol. 15: Iss. 1, Article 2.
Also available at: http://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/annlsurvey/vol15/iss1/2
By Adeshakin Adegbola Opeyemi (HND 2) Yaba College of Technology, Environmental Biology (Option) student.
why was FEPA dissolved in Nigeria?
DeleteHy! Please what is the socio economic characteristics of SEPA?
DeleteFEPA and other ministries has been merged to form federal ministry of environment since 1999 why is it that till date the name FEPA still overshadows FME? It is more talked about. IT seems as if FEPA Is a still an organization on its own.
ReplyDeleteDer to the dumping of toxic waste in koko village, Delta state, in 1987,Nigeria. The federal government promulgated the harmful waste decree 42 of 1988,which facilitated the establishment of the federal environmental protection agency (FEPA) through decree 58 of 1988.
ReplyDeleteThe creation of FEPA was really a nice one, else the environment would have not be suitable for the existence of Man and animals. .Good job to the Nigerian government.
ReplyDeleteThe establishment of FEPA is a very good idea and effort by the Nigerian Government. Thumbs up to them, if not our environment would have been a disturbing one for us. Thank you to our government and thank you FEPA.
ReplyDeleteThe Establishment of FEPA was a very good and nice idea by the federal government. It will help serve as a preventive measure and even protect human health and the environment at large from harmful toxic waste dumped into the environment .. ISHOLA BUSAYO ABIGEAL.. F/HD/14/3720019
ReplyDeleteThis comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteThis comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteFEPA should be empowered the more,for instance budget allocation by FG should be increased to the sector. Also more states should have there own EPA, Especially areas prone to pollution of the environment. please help save the environment, your environment your life F/HD/14/3720041
ReplyDeleteFederal Environmental Protection Agency
ReplyDeleteThe Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) has the primary responsibility and mission to protect human health and the environment. Efforts within the agency are focused on taking action on climate change, improving air quality, assuring the safety of chemicals, cleaning up our communities, protecting Nigeria's waters, expanding outreach to include environmental justice issues, and building strong state and tribal relationship.
The FEPA leads national efforts in Science and Technology with a goal to provide the scientific integrity necessary to develop sound governmental policies. These sound policies are the foundation for the laws and regulation established to protect the environment.
The water department ensures drinking water is safe, and restores and maintains oceans, watersheds, and their aquatic ecosystems to protect human health, support economic and recreational activities, and provide healthy habitat for fish, plants, and wildlife. Their activities are targeted to prevent pollution wherever possible and to reduce risk for people and ecosystems in the most cost-effective ways possible.
The establishment of the agency is really an ideal innovative by the federal government
Adejumo Timothy Adeniyi
ReplyDeleteThe wisdom of the Government, FEPA and other ministries were merged to form the federal ministry of environment in 1999 created a vacuum in Laws standards and regulations in the country.
ReplyDeleteThe wisdom of the Government, FEPA and other ministries were merged to form the federal ministry of environment in 1999 created a vacuum in Laws standards and regulations in the country.
Nigeria, been the first country to established FEPA which created a gateway for other African countries to follow suit.The federal government has the primary responsibility and mission to protect and safe human lives,animals,and as well as the environment at large.FEPA ensures that our environment,water bodies such as ocean, shorelines, fishes, wildlife and plants are safe.
ReplyDeleteThis comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteF/HD/14/3720012
ReplyDeleteNWORIE GRACE A.
FEPA as a body is doing a wonderful thing, in that they are out to keep the environment clean for humans, plants and animals. I give FEPA kudos because the organisation has really made the environment for all and sundry. We breath in clean air, we have clean water to drink and our environment is not polluted. I think they should take this body more seriously in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria where there is no clean water to drink, polluted farmlands, no clean places for our kids to play. it is indeed pathetic.
Definitely the koko incident facilitated the establishment of FEPA to make laws which has been governing the introductions of toxic waste in the country. That was a good concept made by the federal government to protect lives of NIGERIANS and also to create awarenes of the effect of toxic materials introduce whether through anthropogenic or natural means into the environment . The toxic waste incident in koko village has helped saved Nigerian lives, where it not for that incident that got the attention of the federal government to establish FEPA maybe other remoted neighboring villages would have fall victim of the deadly incident. For Nigeria to have been the first African country to establish a natural institutional mechanism for environmental protect was a good credit for this will make other African countries know that Nigeria government values the lives of their citezens...uzor eric f/hd/ 3720081.
ReplyDeleteThe establishment of FEPA has created great awareness for other African countries to the environmental hazards and controls. It also created a platform where people can come to for environmental issues and advices.
ReplyDeleteThe initiative to establish FEPA was indeed a great 1. It has opened the eyes of many countries to what the environment is really going through and taught them various ways to handle such issues.
ReplyDeleteOkwuayezo Ogochukwu Jude
F/hd/14/3720047
The initiative to establish FEPA was indeed a great 1. It has opened the eyes of many countries to what the environment is really going through and taught them various ways to handle such issues.
ReplyDeleteOkwuayezo Ogochukwu Jude
F/hd/14/3720047
Ofcourse our government has proven to the world that our lives are important to them by establishing FEPA to curb koko village incident..the establishment of FEPA was then a relieve to koko village and now a blessing to Nigerians as our environment is now been well protected and live is sure for both man and his environment. Ogbuehi patience f/hd/14/3720089
ReplyDeleteThe Establishment of FEPA is a very good idea by the federal government because it has helped to set a stage for the sensation of Nigeria on the journey of importance of the clean environment and it also help to create environmental guidelines, regulation, and standards for abatement and control of all forms of hazards which may disrupt the natural environment. FEPA should be empowered in order to maintain a safe environment.
ReplyDeleteAzeez Falilat
F/hd/14/3720015
FEPA is an environmental organization in Nigeria and they've contributed in protecting the environment from disasters, pollutant and crisis, Federal government should assist them financially base on there poor equipment for better improvement in our environment to be suitable for us to live and protect our live and next generation.
ReplyDeleteAJAYI MERCY ABIMBOLA
F/HD/14/3720066
FEPA is an environmental organization in Nigeria and they've contributed in protecting the environment from disasters, pollutant and crisis, Federal government should assist them financially base on there poor equipment for better improvement in our environment to be suitable for us to live and protect our live and next generation.
ReplyDeleteAJAYI MERCY ABIMBOLA
F/HD/14/3720066
Hello Ma;
ReplyDeletei've been trying endlessly to comment on the very many interesting issues on you Blog, but to my bemusement it kept saying " Your HTML cannot be accepted: Must be at most 4,096 characters" please give me directives.....
Thanks in anticipation..
Balogun Omotola
Environmental pollution has existed for centuries but only started to be significant following the industrial revolution in 19th century. Pollution must be taken seriously, as it has a negative effect on natural elements that are absolute need for life to exist on earth such as water and air. Indeed, without it, or if they were present on different quantities, animals including human and plant could not survive. Environmental pollution is an incurable disease. It can only be protected. For example, the illegal dumping of toxic waste in koko in the former bendel state, in 1987 which lead to the establishment of the FEPA( Federal Environmental Protection Agency) in 1988. FEPA was charged with the overall responsibility of protecting and developing the Nigeria environment. To put this into action, the national policy on the environment was developed which serves as the main working document to perform the responsibility. However, the EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment) decree No.86 of 1992 is an additional document with thesame aim of protecting the Nigeria environment. But they are particularly directed at regulating the industrialisation process with regard to the environment. Citizens of Nigeria should be aware that our environment is our health. Always keep your environment clean for "health is wealth" thanks! SALAUDEEN TEMITOPE. F/HD/14/3720064.
ReplyDeleteThis comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteFEPA organization has helped with the responsibilty for the protection and development of the environment and biodiversity conservation and sustainable development of Nigerian's natural resources in general,also enuring proper discharge of hazardous substances,all tnx to them
ReplyDeleteFEPA organization has helped with the responsibilty for the protection and development of the environment and biodiversity conservation and sustainable development of Nigerian's natural resources in general,also enuring proper discharge of hazardous substances,all tnx to them
ReplyDeleteTo address the lapse in enforcement, the Federal Government in line with section 20 of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, established the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA), a parastatal of the Federal Ministry of Environment. By the NESREA Act 2007, the Federal Environmental Protection Agency Act Cap F 10 LFN 2004 has been repealed.
ReplyDeleteThe Bill for an Act establishing NESREA was passed by the National Assembly, signed into law by President Umaru Musa Yar’Adua and published in the Federal Republic of Nigeria Official Gazette No. 92. Vol. 94 of 31st July, 2007
FAYEMI BEATRICE O
F/hd/14/3720040
Nigerian environmental laws consist of framework environmental legislation, sectoral legislation and incidental legislation. A framework environmental legislation is a single law which contains a comprehensive system of laws for environmental management. Such legislation includes the Harmful Wastes (Special Criminal Provisions) Act 1988 Cap 165 LFN 1990; Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) Act 1988 Cap 131 LFN 1990; Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act 1992 and Nigerian Urban and Regional Planning Act. The Sectoral legislation addresses specific aspects of the environment and human activities and includes Mineral Act 1956, Oil Pipeline Act 1958, Oil in Navigable Waters Act 1968, Petroleum Act 1969 and Factories Act 1987. Incidental legislation are those laws that are not specifically intended to address environmental issues, but do contain some elements that have an impact on environmental issues. It includes Water Works Act 1915, Criminal Code 1916 Cap 77 LFN 1990 and Public Health Act 1917. Nigeria’s environmental policy is aimed at achieving sustainable development in the country and, in particular, at securing for all Nigerians a quality environment adequate for their health and well-being; conserve and use the natural environment and resources for the benefit of present and future generations; restore, maintain and enhance ecosystems and ecological processes essential for the functioning of the biosphere and for the preservation of biological diversity and to adopt the principle of optimum sustainable yield in the use of living natural resources and ecosystems; raise public awareness and promote understanding of essential linkages between environment and development and to encourage individual and community participation in environmental improvement efforts; and co-operate in good faith with other countries, international organizations and agencies to achieve optimal use of trans-boundary natural resources and effective prevention or abatement of trans-boundary environmental pollution. REF: eneh,2010;anukam 1997. Eneh, 2007; anukam 1997. Salaudeen Temitope. F/hd/14/3720064
ReplyDeleteIf not for a story published in L'Unita, an Italian leftist provincial newspaper based in Pisa, the whistle might not have been blown on the massive shipment of highly toxic wastes to koko, a Nigeria coastal community in then bender state way back 1988.
ReplyDeleteThe Nigeria student in Pisa who read the Gonzalez story, promptly took up the matter writing to the home government that some containerized industrial wastes classified as "toxic and radioactive", with an R mark were being shipped to the country. Alarm the military government of general Ibrahim babangida stepped up action to get to get to the root of the matter. It soon was out that it was the hand work of an international syndicate comprising Italians and their Nigeria accomplice.
Over there in Italy, a body called Chain of Saint Annual which specialized in the "marketing" of industrial toxic and radioactive wastes was soon found to be behind the incident.
Reference : National Mirror, posted by webmaster. Abdullahi kafilah f /HD /14 /3720100.
In 1988,over 3500 tonnes of toxic waste were dumped at koko in Delta state which cause unpalatable consequences on people of the area, including sudden deaths. The manace of toxic waste dumps according to experts, has greater challenge because it is a silent killer. The waste consist of used electronic products, batteries, computer,telephone handset and used tyre, spark off huge radioactive waves which permeate the skin surfaces and blood vessels leading to the development of cancer of various kinds, high blood pressure, hypertension and heart attacks, among others.
ReplyDeleteAs fallout of the information and after some preliminary investigation, security agencies, especially the state security service SSS, went after those connected with the crime.
In the process 54 persons were detained, among them immigration and customs officials at the muritala Mohammed international airport.
Once the story of the toxic waste disposal at Koko was blown open,the Italian in the center that served as a middle man allegedly bribed his way to beat security checks and jetted out of the country.
To salvage the situation, a ministerial task force was set up headed by Bridadier Momman Kontagora, minister of works and housing. Also, an advisory team came from the US, comprising a radiologist, a clean-up technician, a chemical analyst and a medical doctor.
Eventually, the Italian government offered regrets over the toxic waste dump, accepting that the waste be returned to their ports of origin within its shores. Over 100 workers from the Nigerian Port Authority were employed to remove the waste.
REF: Koko toxic waste dump.National Mirrow :posted by webmaster (2012).
Toxic waste ship arrested in lagos (2010),by Vanguard.
Izuka chinasa Lilian
F/HD/14/3720006.
In 1988,over 3500 tonnes of toxic waste were dumped at koko in Delta state which cause unpalatable consequences on people of the area, including sudden deaths. The manace of toxic waste dumps according to experts, has greater challenge because it is a silent killer. The waste consist of used electronic products, batteries, computer,telephone handset and used tyre, spark off huge radioactive waves which permeate the skin surfaces and blood vessels leading to the development of cancer of various kinds, high blood pressure, hypertension and heart attacks, among others.
ReplyDeleteAs fallout of the information and after some preliminary investigation, security agencies, especially the state security service SSS, went after those connected with the crime.
In the process 54 persons were detained, among them immigration and customs officials at the muritala Mohammed international airport.
Once the story of the toxic waste disposal at Koko was blown open,the Italian in the center that served as a middle man allegedly bribed his way to beat security checks and jetted out of the country.
To salvage the situation, a ministerial task force was set up headed by Bridadier Momman Kontagora, minister of works and housing. Also, an advisory team came from the US, comprising a radiologist, a clean-up technician, a chemical analyst and a medical doctor.
Eventually, the Italian government offered regrets over the toxic waste dump, accepting that the waste be returned to their ports of origin within its shores. Over 100 workers from the Nigerian Port Authority were employed to remove the waste.
REF: Koko toxic waste dump.National Mirrow :posted by webmaster (2012).
Toxic waste ship arrested in lagos (2010),by Vanguard.
Izuka chinasa Lilian
F/HD/14/3720006.
Thank you, Lilian. as an Environmental manager,I found this information very much helpful.
DeleteNigeria's environmental protection effort had been through the colonial bye-laws. the colonial economic development policies and plans contain little or no stringent rules to conserve the natural resources or to limit pollution.the major laws on water pollution includes criminal code of 1958 with section 246 aimed at controlling burial in houses and the public health act of 1958 which aim to control the spread of diseases, slaughtering of animals and disposal of night soil and refuse. the fines and penalties are liberal and the laws are quite often poorly enforced.later, the 1979 federal constitution was centered on environmental hygiene, with emphasis on refuse clearance, and the management of liquid and solid wastes in abattoirs, residential homes and streets,all of which came under the supervision of local government councils (Ola 1984).it is instructive to note that it required the dumping of toxic and hazardous wastes in Nigeria before the federal government woke up to confront the problem of environmental abuse. hence, the discovery of an Italian ship in may 1988of some imported toxic chemical wastes, made up principally of polychlorobiphenyls (PCBS)and the hostile media reaction that accompanied the discovery hastened the creation of the federal environment protection agency (FEPA) ( now federal ministry of environment) since Nigeria lacked both the institutional and legal framework to tackle the issues, in December 1988,as part of the emerging coordinated appraoch to environment issues, the Agency was established by decree. the coming of FEPA represents a milestone in environmental management effort in Nigeria.
ReplyDeleteThe federal government of Nigeria in 1988 establish the federal environmental protection Agency (FEPA) ( now federal ministry of environment with effect from September,1999) to protect, restore and preserve the ecosystem of federal republic of Nigeria. the decree 58 of 1988 requies FEPA to establish environment guidelines and standards for the abatement and control of all forms of pollution. F/HND/14/3720021
The story on the toxic waste dump on the Nigerian shores was written by a 23 yrs old female freelance journalist called Racaelli Gonalli.The whole incidence was about the dumping of toxic waste in delta (koko village) The toxic waste happened to be radioactive in nature such as batteries, electronic products, computers, head sets etc, which spark off huge radioactive waves which permeates the skin surface and blood vessels leading to the development of various kinds of cancers, high blood pressure, hypertension, heart attacks among others
ReplyDeleteThe incident happened back then 1988, over 3,500 tonnes of toxic waste were dumped causing severe health implications which include paralysis and dudden death.
Salvaging the situation the government evacuated the toxic waste drums, relocating the many locals who would have contracted radioactive diseases, following the setting up of a ministerial task force headed by Brigadier mamman kontagora, ,minister of works and housing.
F/HD/14/370034
The Federal Ministry of Environment (FME) administers and enforces environmental laws in Nigeria. It took over this function in 1999 from the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA), which was created under the FEPA Act. FEPA was absorbed and its functions taken over by the FME in 1999.
ReplyDeleteThe Federal Ministry of Environment has published several guidelines for the administration of the FEPA and EIA Acts and procedures for evaluating environmental impact assessment reports (EIA Reports).
Other regulatory agencies with oversight over specific industries have also issued guidelines to regulate the impact of such industries on the environment such as the Environmental Guidelines and Standards for the Petroleum Industry in Nigeria (EGASPIN) 2002, published by the Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR).
However, pursuant to the FEPA Act, each State and local government in the country may set up its own environmental protection body for the protection and improvement of the environment within the State. Each State is also empowered to make laws to protect the environment within its jurisdiction. All the States have environmental agencies and State laws; e.g. Abuja, the Federal Capital Territory has issued the Abuja Environmental Protection Board (Solid Waste Control/Environmental Monitoring) Regulations 2005 ("the Abuja Environmental Protection Board Regulations") which principally governs solid waste control in Abuja. In Lagos State, the Lagos State Environmental Protection Agency Law, was enacted to establish the Lagos State Environmental Protection Agency (LASEPA). LASEPA’s functions include monitoring and controlling the disposal of waste in Lagos State and advising the State Government on all environmental management policies. Lagos State has also enacted the Environmental Pollution Control Law, to provide for the control of pollution and protection of the environment from abuse due to poor waste management. Akwa Ibom State, has enacted the Environmental Protection and Waste Management Agency Law, which established the Environmental Protection and Waste Management Agency. This Agency is charged with responsibilities which include identifying and proffering solutions to environmental protection problems in Akwa Ibom, and monitoring and enforcing environmental protection standards and regulations. Uzor eric f/hd/14/3720081
From the onset of British Rule in the 1900s, Nigeria’s environmental protection effort had been through the colonial bye-laws. The colonial economic development policies and plans contain little or no stringent rules to conserve the natural resources or to limit pollution. The major laws on water pollution include Criminal Code of 1958 with section 246 aimed at controlling burial in houses and the Public Health Act of 1958 which aims to control the spread of diseases, slaughtering of animals and disposal of night soil and refuse. The fines and penalties are liberal and the laws are quite often poorly enforced.
ReplyDeleteAs early as 1964, a committee was formed from various arms of the Federal Ministries to study the problems of water pollution and to formulate a programme leading to the enactment of a Water Pollution Act of the federation. Over the years there has been an increased awareness of the problems of water pollution with no positive steps taken in the right direction.
The Expert Committee on environmental health of the National Council of Health in 1970 review many proposals received on this subject with a view to recommending the establishment of a sanitary inspectorate in the Federal Ministry of Health. However, the efforts yielded very little results.
Thus the formative years of institutional environmental regulation in Nigeria could be said to have been characterized by the absence of clear scientific criteria and standards on toxic wastes and on pollution levels, while the enforcement of basic environmental and household hygiene depended largely on qualitative legal rules. Oil Pollution has attracted some considerable public interest since the 1970s. A number of communities in the Niger Delta Wetlands of Nigeria have protested the ecological problems of the oil industry and the paucity of government action (Chokor, 1993)
Egbujie Juliet. O.
F/HD/372067
This comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteAs a consequence of the illegal dumping of toxic wastes in Koko, in the former Bendel State, in 1987, the Nigerian Government promulgated the Harmful Wastes Decree which provides the legal framework for the effective control of the disposal of toxic and hazardous waste into any environment within the confines of Nigeria. This was immediately followed by the creation of a regulatory body, the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) in 1988 which has now been changed to federal ministry of enviroment( FME). FME is charged with the overall responsibility of protecting and developing the Nigerian environment. To put this into action a National Policy on the Environment was developed. This is the main working document for the preservation and protection of the Nigerian environment. States and Local Government Councils were also encouraged to establish their own environmental regulatory bodies for the purpose of maintaining good environmental quality as it applies to their particular terrain.
ReplyDeleteThe EIA Decree No. 86 of 1992 is an additional document with the same aim of protecting the Nigerian environment. It is particularly directed at regulating the industrialization process with due regard to the environment. By this Decree, no industrial plan/development/activity falling under the FME's mandatory list can be executed without prior consideration of the environmental consequences of such a proposed action, in the form of an enviroment impact assessment...OGBUEHI PATIENCE ...f/hd/14/3720089
ReplyDeleteNigeria through the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) had achieved the following major milestones in environmental protection and conservation of natural resources: development of the National Policy on the Environment; establishment of a National Council on Environment (NCE); establishment of a National Advisory Committee (NAC) on Agenda 21; review of National Environmental Policy Guidelines and Standards; enactment of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Law; establishment of a National Energy Policy; and enactment of Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection Legislation; implementation of the National Agenda 21; and the initial development of the VISION 2010 strategy.
The National Council on Environment, established in 1990, provides a forum for consultation and harmonization of environmental management matters throughout the Federation. Membership includes all the Commissioners responsible for the environment in all the States of the Federation as well as the Secretaries to the State Governments. Some of the achievements include the harmonization of environmental protection institutions throughout the Federation and the creation of State Environmental Protection Agencies in all the States of the Federation.
Following the Regional Workshop on the Implementation of Agenda 21 in Africa held in Abuja, Nigeria, the Federal Government established a National Advisory Committee on the Implementation of Agenda 21 in 1993. The Committee is made up of professionals from relevant private sector and government organizations, the academic community, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), and Community Based Organizations (CBOs). The Committee advises the Federal Government of Nigeria on sustainable development issues and strategies for implementing the provision of Agenda 21.
The Nigeria’s oil and gas industry provides more than 80% of the government revenue. Ironically, it is also the major generator of dangerous wastes in Nigeria. The dangerous wastes associated with oil & gas activity exhibit hazardous characteristics such as toxicity (i.e., producing a harmful effect which may be lethal); carcinogenicity (i.e., causing cancerous growth in humans and animals); teratogenicity (i.e., causing deformation of foetus); ecotoxicity (i.e., causing immediate or delayed adverse impacts to the environment); radioactivity (i.e., causing cells death or mutation, including genetic diseases such as leukaemia in affected persons and possibly their future generations); flammability; e.t.c. The oil & gas industry commenced operation more then fifty (50) years ago without any facility to manage the dangerous wastes arising from its exploration and production activity. The oil & gas industry has been practising unregulated disposal of wastes, thereby causing harm to public health and the environment. Development of Regulations on Harmful Wastes in Nigeria. The infamous toxic waste dumping at Koko, Delta State, Nigeria in 1988 revealed the inadequacy in Nigeria’s environmental protection institutional framework and regulations. Immediately after the Koko incident, two major legislations on environmental protection were enacted. They were Federal. Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA). The Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) (LFN 1990) gave rise to the establishment of the first comprehensive institutional framework for prevention and control of pollution in Nigeria. FEPA became the core of Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV) in 1999. National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA), a parastatal under FMENV, has inherited the statutory duties of the defunct FEPA. The oil & gas industry would always explain away its reckless and irresponsible attitude towards the environment on lack of adequate institution and regulations to control industrial pollution prior to 1988. It is however worrisome that the multinational oil & gas industry has also been acting in notorious breach of numerous regulations enacted to protect the environment since 1988. The Nigeria’s National Policy on the Environment The National Policy on the Environment was formally launched on the 27th November 1989.
DeleteThe policy goal to achieve sustainable development in Nigeria, in particular to:
a) Secure for all Nigerians a quality of environment adequate for their health and well – being;
b) Conserve and use the environmental and natural resources for the benefit of present and future generations;
c) Restore, maintain and enhance the ecosystems and ecological processes essential for the functioning of the biosphere to preserve biological diversity and the principle of optimum sustainable yield in the use of living natural resources and ecosystems;
d) Raise public awareness and promote understanding of essential linkages between environment and development and to encourage individual and community participation in environmental improvement efforts; and
e) Cooperate in good faith with other countries, international organisations/ agencies to achieve optimal use of transboundary natural resources and effective prevention or abatement of transboundary environmental pollution.
REFERENCE: LFN 1990.
BY: AJAYI MERCY ABIMBOLA
F/HD/14/3720066
In the wisdom of the government FEPA and other relevant department in other ministries were merged to form the Federal Ministry of Environment in 1999. This situation created a vacuum in the effective enforcement of environmental laws standards and regulations in the country. To address this lapse the federal government in line with section 20 of the 1999 constitution of Federal Republic of Nigeria established the National Environmental Standards and Regulation Enforcement Agency (NESRA), a parasol of the Federal Ministry of Environment. By NESRA Act 2007, the FEPA ACT has been repealed.
ReplyDeleteThe bill for an Act establishing NESRA was passed by the National assembly, signed into law by former late president Umaru Musa Yar'Adua and published in the Federal Republic of Nigeria official Gazette NO 92 vol 94 of 31st July 2007 with the vision of ensuring a cleaner and healthier environment for Nigerians and their mission is to inspire personal and collective responsibility in building an environmental conscious society for the achievement of sustainable development in Nigeria.
Ishola busayo abigeal
F/Hd/14/3720019
The Nigeria’s oil and gas industry provides more than 80% of the government revenue. Ironically, it is also the major generator of dangerous wastes in Nigeria. The dangerous wastes associated with oil & gas activity exhibit hazardous characteristics such as toxicity (i.e., producing a harmful effect which may be lethal); carcinogenicity (i.e., causing cancerous growth in humans and animals); teratogenicity (i.e., causing deformation of foetus); ecotoxicity (i.e., causing immediate or delayed adverse impacts to the environment); radioactivity (i.e., causing cells death or mutation, including genetic diseases such as leukaemia in affected persons and possibly their future generations); flammability; e.t.c. The oil & gas industry commenced operation more then fifty (50) years ago without any facility to manage the dangerous wastes arising from its exploration and production activity. The oil & gas industry has been practising unregulated disposal of wastes, thereby causing harm to public health and the environment. Development of Regulations on Harmful Wastes in Nigeria. The infamous toxic waste dumping at Koko, Delta State, Nigeria in 1988 revealed the inadequacy in Nigeria’s environmental protection institutional framework and regulations. Immediately after the Koko incident, two major legislations on environmental protection were enacted. They were Federal. Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA). The Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) (LFN 1990) gave rise to the establishment of the first comprehensive institutional framework for prevention and control of pollution in Nigeria. FEPA became the core of Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV) in 1999. National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA), a parastatal under FMENV, has inherited the statutory duties of the defunct FEPA. The oil & gas industry would always explain away its reckless and irresponsible attitude towards the environment on lack of adequate institution and regulations to control industrial pollution prior to 1988. It is however worrisome that the multinational oil & gas industry has also been acting in notorious breach of numerous regulations enacted to protect the environment since 1988. The Nigeria’s National Policy on the Environment The National Policy on the Environment was formally launched on the 27th November 1989.
ReplyDeleteThe policy goal to achieve sustainable development in Nigeria, in particular to:
a) Secure for all Nigerians a quality of environment adequate for their health and well – being;
b) Conserve and use the environmental and natural resources for the benefit of present and future generations;
c) Restore, maintain and enhance the ecosystems and ecological processes essential for the functioning of the biosphere to preserve biological diversity and the principle of optimum sustainable yield in the use of living natural resources and ecosystems;
d) Raise public awareness and promote understanding of essential linkages between environment and development and to encourage individual and community participation in environmental improvement efforts; and
e) Cooperate in good faith with other countries, international organisations/ agencies to achieve optimal use of transboundary natural resources and effective prevention or abatement of transboundary environmental pollution.
REFERENCE: LFN 1990.
BY: AJAYI MERCY ABIMBOLA
F/HD/14/3720066
As part of Government efforts towards integrating environmental concerns into development, the guidelines and standards approved prior to the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) were reviewed through Decree 59 in 1992. Apart from expanding the mandates of FEPA, the Decree legalized the proposed Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control, the Regulations on Effluent Limitations, Pollution Abatement in Industries, and the Regulations for the Management of Solid and Hazardous Wastes.
ReplyDeleteThe EIA Law was enacted by the Federal Government in 1992 as a tool for integrating environmental concerns into all major activities throughout the country. Procedural and Sectoral Guidelines for Agriculture and Rural Development, Oil and Gas, Infrastructural Manufacturing, and Mining activities in the country have also been put in place.
The Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection Legislation was enacted in 1995, which sets standards and procedures for the safe use of nuclear radiation.
Okwuayezo ugochukwu jude
F/hd/14/3720047
The Nigeria’s oil and gas industry provides more than 80% of the government revenue. Ironically, it is also the major generator of dangerous wastes in Nigeria. The dangerous wastes associated with oil & gas activity exhibit hazardous characteristics such as toxicity (i.e., producing a harmful effect which may be lethal); carcinogenicity (i.e., causing cancerous growth in humans and animals); teratogenicity (i.e., causing deformation of foetus); ecotoxicity (i.e., causing immediate or delayed adverse impacts to the environment); radioactivity (i.e., causing cells death or mutation, including genetic diseases such as leukaemia in affected persons and possibly their future generations); flammability; e.t.c. The oil & gas industry commenced operation more then fifty (50) years ago without any facility to manage the dangerous wastes arising from its exploration and production activity. The oil & gas industry has been practising unregulated disposal of wastes, thereby causing harm to public health and the environment. Development of Regulations on Harmful Wastes in Nigeria. The infamous toxic waste dumping at Koko, Delta State, Nigeria in 1988 revealed the inadequacy in Nigeria’s environmental protection institutional framework and regulations. Immediately after the Koko incident, two major legislations on environmental protection were enacted. They were Federal. Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA). The Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) (LFN 1990) gave rise to the establishment of the first comprehensive institutional framework for prevention and control of pollution in Nigeria. FEPA became the core of Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV) in 1999. National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA), a parastatal under FMENV, has inherited the statutory duties of the defunct FEPA. The oil & gas industry would always explain away its reckless and irresponsible attitude towards the environment on lack of adequate institution and regulations to control industrial pollution prior to 1988. It is however worrisome that the multinational oil & gas industry has also been acting in notorious breach of numerous regulations enacted to protect the environment since 1988. The Nigeria’s National Policy on the Environment The National Policy on the Environment was formally launched on the 27th November 1989.
ReplyDeleteThe policy goal to achieve sustainable development in Nigeria, in particular to:
a) Secure for all Nigerians a quality of environment adequate for their health and well – being;
b) Conserve and use the environmental and natural resources for the benefit of present and future generations;
c) Restore, maintain and enhance the ecosystems and ecological processes essential for the functioning of the biosphere to preserve biological diversity and the principle of optimum sustainable yield in the use of living natural resources and ecosystems;
d) Raise public awareness and promote understanding of essential linkages between environment and development and to encourage individual and community participation in environmental improvement efforts; and
e) Cooperate in good faith with other countries, international organisations/ agencies to achieve optimal use of transboundary natural resources and effective prevention or abatement of transboundary environmental pollution.
REFERENCE: LFN 1990.
BY: AJAYI MERCY ABIMBOLA
F/HD/14/3720066
Toxic waste at koko coastal (community) happened back then in Bendel state(Delta state) 1988. This story was written by a 23 years female by name freelance journalist, Racaelli Gonalli. A student promptly took up the matter by writing to government that some containerized industrial wastes known as toxic and radioactive were being shipped to the country. This incident happened during the Babangida Era which he stepped up action to get to the roots of the matter. And was later discovered that it was an international syndicate comprising Italians and their Nigeria accomplices. While the Italian government was upset by the mounting Heep's of industrial waste in the country, it was also keen in knowing where the waste would be shipped to.After producing evidence to that effect,the dealers are thus granted official permission. Nyiam Becy M. F/HD/14/3720085.
ReplyDeleteThe National Council on Environment, established in 1990, provides a forum for consultation and harmonization of environmental management matters throughout the Federation. Membership includes all the Commissioners responsible for the environment in all the States of the Federation as well as the Secretaries to the State Governments. Some of the achievements include the harmonization of environmental protection institutions throughout the Federation and the creation of State Environmental Protection Agencies in all the States of the Federation.
ReplyDeleteFollowing the Regional Workshop on the Implementation of Agenda 21 in Africa held in Abuja, Nigeria, the Federal Government established a National Advisory Committee on the Implementation of Agenda 21 in 1993. The Committee is made up of professionals from relevant private sector and government organizations, the academic community, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), and Community Based Organizations (CBOs). The Committee advises the Federal Government of Nigeria on sustainable development issues and strategies for implementing the provision of Agenda 21.The EIA Law was enacted by the Federal Government in 1992 as a tool for integrating environmental concerns into all major activities throughout the country. Procedural and Sectoral Guidelines for Agriculture and Rural Development, Oil and Gas, Infrastructural Manufacturing, and Mining activities in the country have also been put in place.it was a great idea form government to serve and protect the lives of human, animal and mother Earth.thanks Henryson Happiness A F/HD/14/3720008
In 1987, Nigeria took a giant leap by becoming an
ReplyDeleteenvironmentally conscious nation following the dumping of toxic
waste in Koko village, in Delta State. The country was before
this incident, ill-equipped to manage such environmental crisis,
as there were no institutional capacity and legislations to
address such matters.
Consequent upon the Koko toxic waste episode, was the
promulgation of the Harmful Waste Decree 42 of 1988, which
facilitated the establishment of the Federal Environmental
Protection Agency (FEPA) through Decree 58 of 1988 and 59
(amended) of 1992.
FEPA was charged with the overall responsibility for
environmental management and protection. In the wisdom of
Government, FEPA and other relevant Departments in other
Ministries were merged to form the Federal Ministry of
Environment in 1999, but without an appropriate enabling law
on enforcement issues.
This situation, however, created a vacuum in the effective
enforcement of environmental laws, standards and regulations
in the country and NESREA was born. In addressing the need for
an enforcement Agency, the Federal Government in line with
section 20 of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of
Nigeria, established the National Environmental Standards and
Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) as a parastatal of
the Federal Ministry of Environment.
This comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteIn 1987, Nigeria took a giant leap by becoming an environmental contious Nation following the dumping of toxic waste in Koko village, Delda state. The I'll equipped to manage such environmental crisis due to the absent of institutional capacity and legislation to address such matters which then led to the establishment of Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) In 1988, they were charged with the overall responsibility for environmental management and protection and to make it more effective, FEPA and other Federal ministry of Environment was merged to form Federal Ministry of Environment in 1999. For the enforcement of Environmental laws, standards and regulations National Environmental Standards and Regulation Enforcement Agency (NESREA) was established as a parastatal of Federal Ministry of Environment (FME).
ReplyDeleteSavage olayinka
F/HD/14/3720055
Koko village in former Bendel state now Delta state in southern Nigeria never thought of being popular on till 1987 as a result of illegal dumping of toxic waste. Consequently as a result of illegal dumping of toxic waste in koko village in Delta state in 1987 by some Italian merchants into the area led the Nigeria government then into to promulgate the harmful waste decree which provides the legal framework for the effective control of the disposal of toxic and hazardous waste within the confineds of Nigeria. This was immediately followed by the creation of a regulatory body, the Federal Environmental protection agency (FEPA) in 1988. Fepa is charged with the overall responsibility of protecting and developing the Nigeria environment. To put this into action a main working documents for the preservation and protection of the Nigeria environment,states,and local government councils were also encouraged to establish their own environmental regulatory bodies for the purpose of maintaining good environmental quality as it applies to their particular territory. The establishment of fepa has emanated the establishment of other environmental regulatory bodies like Federal ministry of the environment (FME) ,Environmental impact assessment(EIA). Madu Obinna Josephat f/hd/14/3720007.
ReplyDeleteNigeria responded to most environmental
ReplyDeleteproblems on an ad hoc basis prior to June 1988. The discovery of toxic waste
dumped in Koko, at remote part of southern Nigeria, in June1988, and the attendant media and public outcry prompted the government to react swiftly. Through diplomatic channels, the
Nigerian government succeeded in getting the Italian government and the Italian company that was the culprit to
lift the toxic waste out of the country. The Nigerian government followed this action by organizing an international workshop on the environment. The result was the formulation of a national policy on the environment.
Consequently, the Federal Environmental Protection Agency 1988 (FEPA) was created and charged with the administration and enforcement of the environmental law. In addition, the government enacted the Harmful Waste (Special Criminal Provisions) Act, 1988, to deal specifically with illegal dumping of harmful waste.
Recommended Citation
Ogbodo, Dr. S. Gozie (2009) "Environmental Protection in Nigeria: Two Decades After the Koko Incident," Annual Survey of International & Comparative Law : Vol. 15 : Iss. 1 ,
Article Available at: http://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/annlsurvey/
vol15/iss1/2
F/HD/15/3720009
DeleteENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
Arising from the Koko toxic waste episode, the Federal Government promulgated the Harmful Waste Decree 42 of 1988, which facilitated the establishment of the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) through Decree 58 of 1988 and 59 (amended) of 1992.
ReplyDeleteFEPA was then charged with the overall responsibility for environmental management and protection. It is on record that by the establishment of FEPA, Nigeria became the first African country to establish a national institutional mechanism for environmental protection.
In the wisdom of the Government, FEPA and other relevant Departments in other Ministries were merged to form the Federal Ministry of Environment in 1999, but without an appropriate enabling law on enforcement issues. This situation created a vacuum in the effective enforcement of environmental laws, standards and regulations in the country.
To address this lapse, the Federal Government in line with section 20 of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, established the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA), a parastatal of the Federal Ministry of Environment. By the NESREA Act 2007, the Federal Environmental Protection Agency Act Cap F 10 LFN 2004 has been repealed.
The Bill for an Act establishing NESREA was passed by the National Assembly, signed into law by President Umaru Musa Yar’Adua and published in the Federal Republic of Nigeria Official Gazette No. 92. Vol. 94 of 31st July, 2007.
Akinyemi Ayotunde Joseph
F/HD/15/3720074
Env.Bio
HNDII
Federal Environmental Protection Agency
ReplyDeleteThe Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) has the primary responsibility and mission to protect human health and the environment. Efforts within the agency are focused on taking action on climate change, improving air quality, assuring the safety of chemicals, cleaning up our communities, protecting Nigeria's waters, expanding outreach to include environmental justice issues, and building strong state and tribal relationship.
The FEPA leads national efforts in Science and Technology with a goal to provide the scientific integrity necessary to develop sound governmental policies. These sound policies are the foundation for the laws and regulation established to protect the environment.
The water department ensures drinking water is safe, and restores and maintains oceans, watersheds, and their aquatic ecosystems to protect human health, support economic and recreational activities, and provide healthy habitat for fish, plants, and wildlife. Their activities are targeted to prevent pollution wherever possible and to reduce risk for people and ecosystems in the most cost-effective ways possible.
The establishment of the agency is really an ideal innovative by the federal government
ABIKOYE IFEOLUWA OLUWABUNMI
F/HD/15/3720092
HND2
Federal Environmental Protection Agency
ReplyDeleteThe Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) has the primary responsibility and mission to protect human health and the environment. Efforts within the agency are focused on taking action on climate change, improving air quality, assuring the safety of chemicals, cleaning up our communities, protecting Nigeria's waters, expanding outreach to include environmental justice issues, and building strong state and tribal relationship.
The FEPA leads national efforts in Science and Technology with a goal to provide the scientific integrity necessary to develop sound governmental policies. These sound policies are the foundation for the laws and regulation established to protect the environment.
The water department ensures drinking water is safe, and restores and maintains oceans, watersheds, and their aquatic ecosystems to protect human health, support economic and recreational activities, and provide healthy habitat for fish, plants, and wildlife. Their activities are targeted to prevent pollution wherever possible and to reduce risk for people and ecosystems in the most cost-effective ways possible.
The establishment of the agency is really an ideal innovative by the federal government
ABIKOYE IFEOLUWA OLUWABUNMI
F/HD/15/3720092
HND2
In 1987, Nigeria took a giant leap by becoming an
ReplyDeleteenvironmentally conscious nation following the dumping of toxic waste in Koko village, in Delta State. The country was before this incident, ill-equipped to manage such environmental crisis, as there were no institutional capacity and legislations to address such matters. Consequent upon the Koko toxic waste episode, was the promulgation of the Harmful Waste Decree 42 of 1988, which facilitated the establishment of the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) through Decree 58 of 1988 and 59 (amended) of 1992.
FEPA was charged with the overall responsibility for
environmental management and protection. In the wisdom of Government, FEPA and other relevant Departments in other Ministries were merged to form the Federal Ministry of Environment in 1999, but without an appropriate enabling law on enforcement issues.
F/HD/15/3720063
The Nigerian government followed this action by
ReplyDeleteorganizing an international workshop6 on the
environment. The result was the formulation of a
national policy on the environment. Consequently,
the Federal Environmental Protection Agency 1988
(FEPA) was created and charged with the
administration and enforcement of the
environmental law. In addition, the government
enacted the Harmful Waste (Special Criminal
Provisions) Act, 1988, to deal specifically with
illegal dumping of harmful waste. This article
appraises the post-Koko environmental protection
laws in Nigeria, with a view to assessing
environmental protection mechanisms in the
country. In particular, the focus is on hazardous
waste protection under the current dispensation.
Late Chief F.R.A Williams (SAN) stated that "prior
to 1988, legal and administrative measures
covered mainly protective and preventive
measures relating to Environmental sanitation and
issue on public health ; warning and emergency
measures to reduce potential harm in case of
natural disaster and context of Nigeria Law which
whilst paying due regard to global movements
and ideas as well as the increasing interest of the
international community on the problem pertaining
to the environment ".
It was emphatically stated by Okorodudu Fubara
that "until the adoption of the National
Environmental Policy on the Environment in 1989,
Nigeria has no defined and clearly articulated
national policy goals for the National
Environment" The Koko toxic experience, led
Nigerian Military Government to promulgating the
Federal Environmental Protection Agency Decree
1988 No 58. it was then the first of its kind since
Nigeria Independence in 1960 and in line with
1972 Stockholm conference on environment which
Nigeria was a signatory.
Micheal Agbontean uyi
F/HD /15 /3720064
Nigeria spans about 924,000 square kilometers of land area with ecological zones ranging from the dry savannas in the north, to the water abundant Niger Delta which is rich in energy and mineral deposits.
ReplyDeleteNigeria possesses a well endowed environment and natural resource base both renewable and non-renewable, and has remained a key player in all global environmental initiatives since the 1970's.
In 1987, Nigeria took a giant leap by becoming an environmentally conscious nation following the dumping of toxic waste in Koko village, in Delta State. The country was before this incident, ill-equipped to manage such environmental crisis, as there were no institutional capacity and legislations to address such matters.
Consequent upon the Koko toxic waste episode, was the promulgation of the Harmful Waste Decree 42 of 1988, which facilitated the establishment of the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) through Decree 58 of 1988 and 59 (amended) of 1992.
FEPA was charged with the overall responsibility for environmental management and protection. In the wisdom of Government, FEPA and other relevant Departments in other Ministries were merged to form the Federal Ministry of Environment in 1999, but without an appropriate enabling law on enforcement issues.
This situation, however, created a vacuum in the effective enforcement of environmental laws, standards and regulations in the country and NESREA was born. In addressing the need for an enforcement Agency, the Federal Government in line with section 20 of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, established the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) as a parastatal of the Federal Ministry of Environment.
OMOTAYO OLUWASEYIFUNMI
F/HD/15/3720134
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY HND 11
The incident that happened in Nigeria that led to the establishment
ReplyDeleteof FEPA
Nigeria possesses a well endowed environment and natural resource
base both renewable and non-renewable, and has remained a key
player in all global environmental initiatives since the 1970's.
In 1987, Nigeria took a giant leap by becoming an environmentally
conscious nation following the dumping of toxic waste in Koko
village, in Delta State. The country was before this incident, ill-
equipped to manage such environmental crisis, as there were no
institutional capacity and legislations to address such matters.
Consequent upon the Koko toxic waste episode, was the
promulgation of the Harmful Waste Decree 42 of 1988, which
facilitated the establishment of the Federal Environmental
Protection Agency (FEPA) through Decree 58 of 1988 and 59
(amended) of 1992.
FEPA was charged with the overall responsibility for environmental
management and protection. In the wisdom of Government, FEPA
and other relevant Departments in other Ministries were merged to
form the Federal Ministry of Environment in 1999, but without an
appropriate enabling law on enforcement issues.
This situation, however, created a vacuum in the effective
enforcement of environmental laws, standards and regulations in
the country and NESREA was born.
BY: NABULELE LOVETH ISOKEN
MATRIC NO: F/HD/15/3720066
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY HND 11
FEPA was charged with the overall responsibility
ReplyDeletefor environmental
management and protection. In the wisdom of
Government, FEPA
and other relevant Departments in other Ministries
were merged to
form the Federal Ministry of Environment in 1999,
but without an
appropriate enabling law on enforcement issues.
This situation, however, created a vacuum in the
effective
enforcement of environmental laws, standards
and regulations in
the country and NESREA was born.
ADELAJA MARIA AYOMIKUN
F/HD /15 /3720096
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ReplyDeleteDumbest comment
Deletewhy was FEPA dissolved?
ReplyDeletek;l ve.t?Y .vcsiuaosp.gt/yj
ReplyDelete